Container Network Data Analysis Garrett Wolf

Background Over 90% of the world’s cargo moves via container [9] Over 90% of the world’s cargo moves via container [9] Container security could be improved Container security could be improved Requirements: Requirements: Detect breech of container Detect breech of container Environmental conditions (humidity, temperature, shock, vibration, etc.) Environmental conditions (humidity, temperature, shock, vibration, etc.) Location of container (ship, rail, truck) Location of container (ship, rail, truck) Power lifetime of 30,000 hours Power lifetime of 30,000 hours Etc. Etc. Dept. of Homeland Security developed the Advanced Container Security Device (ACSD)[2] guidelines Dept. of Homeland Security developed the Advanced Container Security Device (ACSD)[2] guidelines

Problems Ability to detect events/intrusions is needed for container security Ability to detect events/intrusions is needed for container security Small containers require security too Small containers require security too Containers must be tracked through various environments through which they travel Containers must be tracked through various environments through which they travel Smaller containers also travel via airplane Smaller containers also travel via airplane Limited battery power requires intelligently setting the reporting frequencies Limited battery power requires intelligently setting the reporting frequencies Not all sensors are created equal when it comes to detecting events/intrusions Not all sensors are created equal when it comes to detecting events/intrusions

Contributions Past work focuses on large shipping containers whereas I focus on smaller “FedEx” sized packages Past work focuses on large shipping containers whereas I focus on smaller “FedEx” sized packages Past work focuses on oceanic or land based transportation whereas I include an analysis of air transportation Past work focuses on oceanic or land based transportation whereas I include an analysis of air transportation Past work [8] adjusts the reporting frequency at the node level whereas I suggest adjusting the reporting frequency at the sensor level Past work [8] adjusts the reporting frequency at the node level whereas I suggest adjusting the reporting frequency at the sensor level vs. Temp Accel. Light Temp Accel. Light Temp Accel. Light Temp Accel. Light Temp Accel. Light Temp Accel. Light Temp Accel. Light Temp Accel. Light Temp Accel. Light Temp Accel. Light Accel. Light Temp Accel. Light Accel. Light vs.

Goals Analyze sensor data collected across different environments (airplane vs. automobile) Analyze sensor data collected across different environments (airplane vs. automobile) Identify events in each of the environments (loading/unloading of container, start of engine, speed/acceleration, etc.) Identify events in each of the environments (loading/unloading of container, start of engine, speed/acceleration, etc.) Detect intrusions in each of the environments Detect intrusions in each of the environments Determine which sensors are more helpful for intrusion detection given the environmental settings and prior events Determine which sensors are more helpful for intrusion detection given the environmental settings and prior events

Experimental Setup 3 Containers 3 Containers ≈1ft 3 each ≈1ft 3 each Slightly insulated Slightly insulated 1 Stargate [3] and PDA 1 Stargate [3] and PDA 5 Motes 5 Motes 2 Telos B – temp, humidity, microphone, visible/IR light 2 Telos B – temp, humidity, microphone, visible/IR light 2 MTS310 – temp, light, microphone, 2-axis accelerometer, 2-axis magnetometer 2 MTS310 – temp, light, microphone, 2-axis accelerometer, 2-axis magnetometer 1 MTS300 – temperature, light, microphone 1 MTS300 – temperature, light, microphone Configuration: Configuration: Container 1: 1 MTS310 & 1 Telos B Container 1: 1 MTS310 & 1 Telos B Container 2: 1 MTS300 & 1 Stargate Container 2: 1 MTS300 & 1 Stargate Container 3: 1 MTS310 & 1 Telos B Container 3: 1 MTS310 & 1 Telos B

Experimental Setup (cont.) 1 Cirrus[10] SR22-GTS 1 Cirrus[10] SR22-GTS 1 Honda Accord 1 Honda Accord

Data Collection and Results Opened 1 of the 3 containers for 10 second intervals in each environment Opened 1 of the 3 containers for 10 second intervals in each environment Same container opened each time (Container 1) Same container opened each time (Container 1) Container opened at different points in time (e.g. on the ground, in the vehicle, after engine started, while moving slowly, while moving quickly, etc.) Container opened at different points in time (e.g. on the ground, in the vehicle, after engine started, while moving slowly, while moving quickly, etc.) Took note of the time when intrusion or other event occurred Took note of the time when intrusion or other event occurred Compared the sensor readings with the recorded intrusion times Compared the sensor readings with the recorded intrusion times

Humidity drops when intrusion occurs Temp also drops but its not as apparent as humidity Humidity was the one of the best indicators for intrusion detection

TSR (a.k.a visible and infrared light) was good but in the plane, the results were less informative PAR (a.k.a visible light) is a very good indicator

Thermistor in Container 2 increased steadily because of the heat given off from the Stargate MTS 300/310 light sensor gave less helpful results when compared to the Telos sensor boards

What I Learned Motes needed a higher reporting frequency Motes needed a higher reporting frequency Regardless of application, some sensors should report more frequently than others Regardless of application, some sensors should report more frequently than others E.g. changes in temp. are slower than changes in acceleration E.g. changes in temp. are slower than changes in acceleration More motes are needed to reduce noise in the data More motes are needed to reduce noise in the data Need to be careful that the motes are stationed level when dealing with 2-axis sensors to prevent incorrect readings caused by tilt Need to be careful that the motes are stationed level when dealing with 2-axis sensors to prevent incorrect readings caused by tilt

References [1] Havinga, Paul J.M., Sensor Networks for Monitoring. IST 2004 Presentation [1] Havinga, Paul J.M., Sensor Networks for Monitoring. IST 2004 Presentation [2] Department of Homeland Security. Advanced Container Security Device –Broad Agency Announcement (BAA04-06). May 7, [2] Department of Homeland Security. Advanced Container Security Device –Broad Agency Announcement (BAA04-06). May 7, [3] 2006 Crossbow Technology. MTS/MDA Sensor, Data Acquisition Boards Datasheet. pdf [3] 2006 Crossbow Technology. MTS/MDA Sensor, Data Acquisition Boards Datasheet. pdf pdf pdf [4] XCube Communication. SEAL Cargo System. c.com/downloads/Industrypaper%20Cargo%20V1R1.pdf [4] XCube Communication. SEAL Cargo System. c.com/downloads/Industrypaper%20Cargo%20V1R1.pdfhttp:// c.com/downloads/Industrypaper%20Cargo%20V1R1.pdfhttp:// c.com/downloads/Industrypaper%20Cargo%20V1R1.pdf [5] T. Larsson, M. Taveniku, C. Wigren, P. Wiberg, B. Svensson. T4 – Telematics for Totally Transparent Transports. In Proceedings of 8th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transport Systems, [5] T. Larsson, M. Taveniku, C. Wigren, P. Wiberg, B. Svensson. T4 – Telematics for Totally Transparent Transports. In Proceedings of 8th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transport Systems, [6] G. Hackmann, C. Fok, C. Zuver, K. English. Agile Cargo Tracking Using Mobile Agents. In SenSys [6] G. Hackmann, C. Fok, C. Zuver, K. English. Agile Cargo Tracking Using Mobile Agents. In SenSys [7] F. Ridoutt, C. Mueller-Dieckmann, P. Tucker, M. Weiss. An Automated Temperature- Monitoring System for Dry-Shippers. Journal of Applied Crystallography [7] F. Ridoutt, C. Mueller-Dieckmann, P. Tucker, M. Weiss. An Automated Temperature- Monitoring System for Dry-Shippers. Journal of Applied Crystallography [8] O. Akan and I. Akyildiz, Event-to-Sink Reliable transport in Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE/ACM Trans. On Networking, 13(5), Oct [8] O. Akan and I. Akyildiz, Event-to-Sink Reliable transport in Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE/ACM Trans. On Networking, 13(5), Oct [9] U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Container Security Initiative. [9] U.S. Customs and Border Protection. Container Security Initiative. [10] Cirrus Aviation. Cirrus Design Brochure. [10] Cirrus Aviation. Cirrus Design Brochure.

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