Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans

Election of 1800 ("Revolution of 1800") Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) vs. Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) vs. Burr (D-R) vs. Adams (Federalist) While Jefferson and Burr tied, Jefferson won by a vote in the House of Representatives. While Jefferson and Burr tied, Jefferson won by a vote in the House of Representatives. The Election of 1800 The Election of 1800

Jefferson's Administration Spoils system – Jefferson fired Federalist office holders and replaced them with Democratic-Republicans Spoils system – Jefferson fired Federalist office holders and replaced them with Democratic-Republicans Attempted impeachment of Samuel Chase – politically motivated Attempted impeachment of Samuel Chase – politically motivated Jefferson scaled down federal government, armed forces, judiciary Jefferson scaled down federal government, armed forces, judiciary Judiciary Act of 1801 – Federalists attempted to hold on to power in the judiciary Judiciary Act of 1801 – Federalists attempted to hold on to power in the judiciary Marbury v. Madison, 1803 (John Marshall as Chief Justice) Marbury v. Madison, 1803 (John Marshall as Chief Justice) - The principle of “judicial review” is permanently established - The principle of “judicial review” is permanently established

Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Marbury v. Madison, 1803

Marbury v. Madison, 1803 William Marbury brought his case directly to the Supreme Court because the Court had original jurisdiction over the case as stipulated in the Judiciary Act of William Marbury brought his case directly to the Supreme Court because the Court had original jurisdiction over the case as stipulated in the Judiciary Act of He asked the Court to issue a writ of mandamus to order James Madison to deliver his commission. He asked the Court to issue a writ of mandamus to order James Madison to deliver his commission. Marbury is entitled to the commission, but: Marbury is entitled to the commission, but: The Court cannot issue the writ because the Judiciary Act of 1789, which granted the Supreme Court original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus, is unconstitutional. The Court cannot issue the writ because the Judiciary Act of 1789, which granted the Supreme Court original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus, is unconstitutional. The Supreme Court of the United States has the power to review acts of other branches and determine their constitutionality. This power is called Judicial Review. The Supreme Court of the United States has the power to review acts of other branches and determine their constitutionality. This power is called Judicial Review. The Supreme Court of the United States declared that: Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Marbury v. Madison, 1803

Barbary Wars Sultan at Tripoli cut down U.S. flag to provoke Sultan at Tripoli cut down U.S. flag to provoke the United States the United States War was never declared, but there are some skirmishes – 4 years worth War was never declared, but there are some skirmishes – 4 years worth Barbary states reduced bribe rates and the U.S. agreed to pay - $60,000 Barbary states reduced bribe rates and the U.S. agreed to pay - $60,000

The Louisiana Purchase Toussaint L'Ouverture – led slave revolt in Santo Domingo Toussaint L'Ouverture – led slave revolt in Santo Domingo Soured Napoleon on colonies Soured Napoleon on colonies Prompted sale of Louisiana to U.S. for $15,000,000 Prompted sale of Louisiana to U.S. for $15,000,000 (828,000 square miles at approximately 3 cents an acre) (828,000 square miles at approximately 3 cents an acre) For your consideration… 1. What Constitutional problems did the purchase of Louisiana present? 2. How did Jefferson reconcile his decision given his staunch strict constructionist stance in the recent past?

The Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase The purchase of Louisiana established the precedent – the “acquisition of foreign territory and peoples by purchase.” The purchase of Louisiana established the precedent – the “acquisition of foreign territory and peoples by purchase.” U.S. – sponsored exploration – Lewis & Clark to Washington state; Pike in the Southwest U.S. – sponsored exploration – Lewis & Clark to Washington state; Pike in the Southwest The Louisiana Purchase The Louisiana Purchase

Lewis & Clark (1804 – 1806) Zebulon Pike (1805 – 1807) The Expeditions The Expeditions

Hamilton – Burr Duel Essex Junto (extreme Federalists) lead by Aaron Burr (Jefferson's vice president) wanted New England to secede (1805) Essex Junto (extreme Federalists) lead by Aaron Burr (Jefferson's vice president) wanted New England to secede (1805) Burr ran for New York governor and lost, blamed Hamilton for spreading bad PR (public relations) Burr ran for New York governor and lost, blamed Hamilton for spreading bad PR (public relations) Burr shot Hamilton in duel, fled, and joined Burr shot Hamilton in duel, fled, and joined mercenaries mercenaries Burr claimed he was going to conquer Mexico – U.S. thought he was going to lead a secession movement in the territories Burr claimed he was going to conquer Mexico – U.S. thought he was going to lead a secession movement in the territories Burr tried for treason and acquitted Burr tried for treason and acquitted The Duel The Duel

French/English War became Napoleonic Wars Trafalgar - England wiped out French fleet Trafalgar - England wiped out French fleet Napoleon's Continental System Napoleon's Continental System – closed continental Europe to all ships that had docked in England England Blockade by England – only ships that had docked in Blockade by England – only ships that had docked in England could trade in Europe England could trade in Europe - Chesapeake - Leopard incident: Chesapeake refused to allow British to board (because of impressment) - Leopard opened fire - U.S. expelled all British ships from U.S. waters - Britain apologized for the incident allow British to board (because of impressment) - Leopard opened fire - U.S. expelled all British ships from U.S. waters - Britain apologized for the incident

The United States Responds 1807 – Embargo Act: No ships could leave U.S – Embargo Act: No ships could leave U.S Non-intercourse Act: Prohibited trade with Non-intercourse Act: Prohibited trade with France and England France and England Macon's Bill No. 2: U.S. would resume trade with Macon's Bill No. 2: U.S. would resume trade with whichever nation lifted its restrictions first (bribe) whichever nation lifted its restrictions first (bribe) - France lifted restrictions, and U.S. – French trade resumed resumed Embargo against England only Embargo against England only

Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana Weakened tribes – looked to England and Spain for aid Weakened tribes – looked to England and Spain for aid The Prophet - preacher, The Prophet - preacher, Tecumseh - Shawnee Tecumseh - Shawnee chief wanted to unite tribes chief wanted to unite tribes Harrison defeated Harrison defeated Indians at Tippecanoe Indians at Tippecanoe

Harrison to Tecumseh and the Prophet – June, 1811 "Brothers, listen to me: I speak to you about matters of importance both to the white people and yourselves; open your ears, therefore, and attend to what I shall say. Brothers, this is the third year that all the white people in this country have been alarmed at your proceedings; you threaten us with war; you invite all of the tribes to the north and west of you to join against us. Brothers, our citizens are alarmed, and my warriors are preparing themselves, not to strike you, but to defend themselves and their women and children. You shall not surprise us as you expect to do; you are about to undertake a very rash act. As a friend, I advise you to consider well of it; a little reflection may save us a great deal of trouble and prevent mischief; it is not yet too late.

Harrison to Tecumseh and the Prophet – June, 1811 Do you really think that the handful of men that you have about you are able to contend with the Seventeen Fires, or even that the whole of the tribes united could contend against the Kentucky Fire alone? Brothers, I am myself of the Long Knife Fire [Virginia and Kentucky]. As soon as they hear my voice you will see them pouring forth their swarms of hunting-shirt men, as numerous as the mosquitoes on the shores of the Wabash. Brothers, take care of their stings. Brothers, it is not our wish to hurt you.

Finis On to the War of 1812…