Objectives : 1. To summarize the developing foreign policy with France, Great Britain and Spain 2. To explain how the United States dealt with the Native Americans and with British interests in the West. 3. To identify some of the deep divisions between Federalists and Republicans

What were the differences between the Federalists and the Jeffersonians regarding the French revolution ?

Violence made America question their motives Declaration of Neutrality  Edmond Genet – French diplomat Tried to recruit soldiers for the war effort, infuriated Washington Jefferson resigned – why?

Edmond Genêt by Ezra Ames, 1809– 1810 Citizen Edmond Genêt's visit caused the first major diplomatic crisis in the new nation. His attempts to enlist Americans in support of the French Revolution raised troubling questions about the international role of the United States. (Collection of the Albany Institute of History and Art. Bequest of George Genêt.) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. KEY IDEA: Jefferson resigns in 1793, frustrated with Hamilton and the administration’s policies

The Proclamation of Neutrality 1793 Whereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great Britain, and the United Netherlands, of the one part, and France on the other; and the duty and interest of the United States require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerant Powers; I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the United States to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and to exhort and warn the citizens of the United States carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings whatsoever, which may in any manner tend to contravene such disposition. And I do hereby also make known, that whatsoever of the citizens of the United States shall render himself liable to punishment or forfeiture under the law of nations, by committing, aiding, or abetting hostilities against any of the said Powers, or by carrying to any of them those articles which are deemed contraband by the modern usage of nations, will not receive the protection of the United States, against such punishment or forfeiture; and further, that I have given instructions to those officers, to whom it belongs, to cause prosecutions to be instituted against all persons, who shall, within the cognizance of the courts of the United States, violate the law of nations, with respect to the Powers at war, or any of them…. George Washington April 22, 1793

Jay’s Treaty: British pledge to evacuate US soil - They should have already done this in US bound to pay pre-revolutionary accounts to Brit. Merchants Jeffersonian South would have to pay the majority of these debts while Nothern Merchants were reimbursed for their shipping losses. NO PROMISE TO STOP Seizing ships OVERALL : - Negative result Treaty hurts Republicans, Washington, & vitalizes the Republican party

Pinckney’s Treaty: + Spain meets all of US demands (now fearful of BR/US alliance) + Spain concedes disputed land in N. Florida to US Spain grants navigation rights on the Mississippi to Americans and the right of deposit in New Orleans OVERALL: Positive Result

1783  British operating frontier forts on US soil 1790: Gen. Harmar (US) defeated by Chief Little Turtle and the Miami Indians 1791: Gen. St. Clair (US) defeated by the Miami 1794: Gen. Wayne (US) wins Battle of Fallen Timbers against Miami Indians, & proves the Miami were supported by British arms/Canadians 1795: Treaty of Greenville, Indians cede Ohio to US

In relation to the still subsisting war in Europe, my proclamation of the twenty-second of April, I793, is the index of my plan. Sanctioned by your approving voice, and by that of your representatives in both houses of Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually governed me, uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me from it. After deliberate examination, with the aid of the best lights I could obtain, I was well satisfied that our country, under all the circumstances of the case, had a right to take, and was bound in duty and interest to take, a neutral position. Having taken it, I determined, as far as should depend upon me, to maintain it, with moderation, perseverance, and firmness… …The duty of holding a neutral conduct may be inferred, without anything more, from the obligation which justice and humanity impose on every nation, in cases in which it is free to act, to maintain inviolate the relations of peace and amity towards other nations. The inducements of interest for observing that conduct will best be referred to your own reflections and experience. With me a predominant motive has been to endeavor to gain time to our country to settle and mature its yet recent institutions, and to progress without interruption to that degree of strength and consistency which is necessary to give it, humanly speaking, the command of its own fortunes.

Election of 1796 (Only 7 states allowed the popular vote) Adams (Federalist) receives 71 electoral votes. (VP Thomas Pinckney) Jefferson (Republican) receives 68 electoral votes.(VP Aaron Burr) Problem: Your “running mate” is actually running against you Negative campaigning? Adams becomes President, Jefferson is Vice-President. ALMOST ALL OF JEFFERSON’S VOTES COME FROM THE SOUTH, ADAMS WINS ALMOST ALL OF HIS VOTES IN THE NORTH. Democratic-Republicans won North Carolina, Pennsylvania and Virginia, but one Elector in each state cast a vote for Federalist Adams SECTIONALISM Is the new nation already coming apart?

Presidential Candidate PartyHome State Popular Vote (a), (b), (c) Electoral Vote Count% John AdamsFederalistMass35, %71 Thomas Jefferson Democratic- Republican Virginia31, %68 Thomas Pinckney FederalistS. Carolina——59 Aaron Burr Democratic- Republican New York——30 Samuel Adams Democratic- Republican Mass——15 Oliver Ellsworth FederalistConn——11 George Clinton Democratic- Republican New York——7 John JayFederalistNew York——5 James IredellFederalistN. Carolina——3 George Washington NoneVirginia——2 —2 —2 —1

Adams sends 3 men to France in response to them criticizing Jay’s Treaty and seizing US shipping $250,000 bribe to see Tallyrand! “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute.” America authorizes a Navy Marine Corps is created. Undeclared naval war for next two years

Federalists accuse Republicans of being dangerous and disloyal. Many immigrants are Republicans. The Alien and Sedition Acts are passed: 1. Increase naturalization req. from 5 to 14 years 2. Allow the President to deport anyone he considers “undesirable.” 3. Federalists use the acts to try and jail Republican editors, writers, and politicians for being “seditious.”

The Republicans consider the Alien and Sedition Act to be an assault on the First Amendment. Jefferson and Madison draft a resolution in the Virginia state Legislature declaring the Alien and Sedition Act unconstitutional. Virginia and Kentucky claim the right of nullification = the power to declare null and void federal laws that go beyond the powers granted to the federal government by the Constitution. ENDURING QUESTION: WHO HAS THE LAST WORD? STATES OR THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT?

Resolved, That it is true as a general principle, and is also expressly declared by one of the amendments to the Constitutions, that “the powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, our prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people”; and that no power over the freedom of religion, freedom of speech, or freedom of the press being delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, all lawful powers respecting the same did of right remain, and were reserved to the States or the people: that thus was manifested their determination to retain to themselves the right of judging how far the licentiousness of speech and of the press may be abridged without lessening their useful freedom, and how far those abuses which cannot be separated from their use should be tolerated, rather than the use be destroyed. And thus also they guarded against all abridgment by the United States of the freedom of religious opinions and exercises, and retained to themselves the right of protecting the same, as this State, by a law passed on the general demand of its citizens, had already protected them from all human restraint or interference. And that in addition to this general principle and express declaration, another and more special provision has been made by one of the amendments to the Constitution, which expressly declares, that “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press”: thereby guarding in the same sentence, and under the same words, the freedom of religion, of speech, and of the press: insomuch, that whatever violated either, throws down the sanctuary which covers the others, arid that libels, falsehood, and defamation, equally with heresy and false religion, are withheld from the cognizance of federal tribunals. That, therefore, the act of Congress of the United States, passed on the 14th day of July, 1798, intituled “An Act in addition to the act intituled An Act for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States,” which does abridge the freedom of the press, is not law, but is altogether void, and of no force.

French Revolution Pinckney’s Treaty Battle of Fallen Timbers Election of 1796 Jay’s Treaty XYZ Affair Tensions b/w Federalists & Republicans Alien and Sedition Acts Edmund Genet Affair Expansion West Jay’s Treaty Rising Sectionalism XYZ Affair Tensions b/w Federalists & Republicans Alien and Sedition Acts VA & KY Resolutions

Neutrality Edmond Genet Thomas Pinckney Little Turtle John Jay Sectionalism XYZ Affair Alien and Sedition Acts Nullification