1 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 3 Measuring, Monitoring, and Evaluating the Health of a Population

2 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 3.1 Population pyramids for the USA, 1900, 1950, and 2000, by gender for white and black populations. Note: bars (left) = male; bars (right) = female. Source: Hobbs F, Stoops N. US Census Bureau: Census 2000 special reports, Series CENSR-4, Demographic trends in the 20th century. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2002.

3 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 3.2 Age–gender distribution of world population in less developed and more developed regions, 1970, 2010, and Source: World Health Organization. Ageing and development 2012, wall chart. Available at: [Accessed 3 January 2013].

4 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 3.3 Population over age 65, USA, 1900–2010. Source: US Census Bureau. The older population: 2010 Census Briefs. Decennial census of population, 1900– 2000; 2010 census Summary File 1. Available at: [Accessed 3 January 2013].

5 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 3.4 Life expectancy at birth and age 65, by gender and ethnicity, USA, 1970–2006. Source: US Department of Health and Human Services. Health United States, 2009 with chartbook on health of Americans (Figure 16).

6 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 3.5 Life expectancy at age 45 years, European Region, 1970–2010. Note: CARK = Central Asian Republics; Old EU = members of the European Union before 2004; New EU = members of the European Union after 2004; CIS = Commonwealth of Independent States (Russia, Ukraine, Byelorussia). Source: Health for All Database, WHO European Region, August 2012.

7 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 3.6 World population, 1950–2050. Source: US Census Bureau. International programs. International data base, June 2011 update. Available at: [Accessed 5 January 2012].

8 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 3.7 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention model of information systems and professions in public health monitoring. Adapted from Lee LM, Thacker SB. CDC’s vision for public health surveillance in the 21st century. The cornerstone of public health practice: public health surveillance, 1961–2011. MMWR Morb Mort Wkly Rep Suppl 2011;60(04):15–21.

9 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 3.8 Global new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths. Source: World Health Organization. Core slides HIV/AIDS, Available at: [Accessed 4 January 2013].

10 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 3.9 AIDS diagnoses, deaths and people living with AIDS, USA, 1985–2009. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV surveillance report. Diagnoses of HIV infection and AIDS in the USA and dependent areas, 2008, Vol. 20. Available at: [Accessed 3 January 2012].

11 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 3.10 Independent, dependent, and confounding variables in a study.

12 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 3.11 Normal distribution. Source: Last JM, editor. A dictionary of epidemiology. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 2001.

13 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 3.12 Classification of epidemiological studies. Source: Abramson ZH, Abramson JH. Research methods in community medicine: surveys, epidemiological research, programme evaluation, clinical trials. 6th ed. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley; 2008.

14 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 3.13 Life expectancy at birth, European Region, 1970 to 2010–2011. Source: World Health Organization, European Region. Health for All database; July Available at: [Accessed 2 February 2013].

15 Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. FIGURE 3.14 Health indicators for three deprived regions of England compared to England average, 2006–2008. Source: Ellis A, Fry R. United Kingdom. Office for National Statistics. Regional trends, no. 42, 2010 edition – Regional health inequalities in England 8 Jun Available at: type=Article&pubdateRangeType=allDates&newquery=stroke+mortality+by+regions&pageSize=50&applyFilters=true [Accessed 3 January 2013]. type=Article&pubdateRangeType=allDates&newquery=stroke+mortality+by+regions&pageSize=50&applyFilters=true