Applications - Nowcasting - Short-range weather forecasting - Longer-range numerical weather prediction GOES Sounders: Past and Present NESDIS/ORA/ASPT

GOES VAS Venetian Blinding Not Operational (RISOP) Noisy (due to reduced spin budget) 12 Infrared Channels (1 Visible Channel) Filter Wheel Radiometer

GOES-8/M Sounder 18 Infrared Channels (1 Visible Channel) Filter Wheel Radiometer Operational Higher Signal-to-Noise

GOES Sounder Spectral Bands: 14.7 to 3.7 um & Vis

GOES Sounder Spectral Coverage Current instrument has 18 infrared bands.

Numerical Model Impact Geostationary Interferometer WindsRadiances SST Resolutions: Vertical Horizontal Temporal Cloud Information MoistureOzone Surface Emissivity

Verifying GOES-8 Imager Infrared Image Eta model with and without GOES Sounder Clouds Note that the high clouds off the East Coast were correctly removed when GOES Sounder cloud data were assimilated. Data Assimilation -- Clouds

TaTa RaRa RsRs TcTc zTzT T AERO z H LE RxRx TsTs d + z 0 TaTa T AERO T G T RAD (  ) = f(  ) T c + [1 - f(  )] T s The Atmospheric Land Exchange Inverse (ALEXI) model. Surface component of ALEXI model Major ALEXI Inputs Include: 1) Weather Data from CRAS model 2) Radiometric Temperatures from GOES 3) Fraction Vegetation Cover from AVHRR 4) Land Surface Cover Characteristics The ALEXI models energy exchange between the land surface and the atmospheric boundary layer, driven by remotely sensed inputs. Data Assimilation -- uses GOES Sounder skin temperatures

Eta Data Assimilation System Satellite Data Impact Study for 3 Seasons 24-hr forecast for Temperature 24-hr forecast for Relative Humidity In 80 km Eta Data Assimilation System (EDAS), impact of GOES Sounder marine products versus conventional RAOB information was tested. In summer, Sounder has larger positive impact on temperature and moisture forecasts than conventional RAOB. Positive Impact due to GOES sounder PW (marine) Positive Impact due to Radiosonde (T and moisture) Ratio = A Ratio greater than 1 means the satellite improved the forecast more than the radiosondes over the entire domain (land and marine) Data Assimilation -- Data Denial

32 km results using a November 2001 version of the EDAS: Provide a comparison of the total forecast impact of GOES-vs-POES data types in the EDAS for late October/early November Deny all GOES data types at once. 2.Deny all POES data types at once. The Diagnostics

GOES in NWP, routine and experimental: Model GOES Data NCEP GlobalSounder Radiance, Imager Winds, Imager Radiances Eta ModelSounder Radiance, Sounder PW, Imager Winds, Data for LandDataAssimilationScheme, Sounder Clouds FSL’s RUCSounder TPW, Sounder Clouds (March 2002) GWINDEX rapid-scan winds CIMSS CRASSounder PW, Sounder Clouds Australia (LAPS)Imager Winds ECMWFImager Winds, Imager Radiances GFDL (experimental)Imager Winds NOGAPSImager Winds, Sounder Winds NAAPSImager Biomass Fire Product CSU RAMSImager Biomass Fire Product UW ALEXIChange of Sounder Skin Temperature, Imager insolation Data Assimilation -- GOES radiances and products have a major role

ABS Prime (ABS’) -- consider using the shortwave side of the water vapor band.

GOES Sounder-Derived Cloud Product in the RUC 00 UTC 23 March 1999 GOES Sounder-Derived plus Model-Derived Cloud Top Pressure Impact of the GOES Sounder- Derived Cloud Product (Gray to Black indicate cloud added; Yellow to Red indicate cloud removed by GOES data)

GOES Sounder-Derived Cloud Product in the RUC 00 UTC 23 March 1999 GOES Sounder- Derived Cloud Top Pressure Model-Derived Cloud Top Pressure 900 mb600300

Comparison of GOES-11 PW with microwave retrievals August 6, 2000 Co-located total precipitable water (TPW) values retrieved from the GOES-11 Sounder compare well with integrated moisture measured by a microwave radiometer at the CART site (Lamont, OK). Note “flat” first-guess trace. GOES retrievals show ability to capture the trend and range of total moisture. GOES-11 Post-Launch Test (NOAA Technical #103)

GOES Sounder Uses (non-NWP) Radiances/Images Moisture Profiles Derived Quantities from the retrieved profiles 3-layers of Precipitable Water Derived Products Images Cloud Top Information Mid-Level Winds 12 micrometer channel (GOES-12 and beyond) Possible test-bed for additional imager channels

EXCESSIVE RAINFALL POTENTIAL OUTLOOK HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL PREDICTION CENTER...NWS...CAMP SPRINGS MD GOES SOUNDER DATA SHOWS THAT PWS SOUTH OF THE OUTFLOW BOUNDARY ARE IN THE 1.60 TO 1.70 INCH RANGE. THE SOUNDER DATA ALSO INDICATES THAT THE AIRMASS TO THE WEST ACROSS IL IS CONTINUING TO DESTABILIZE. ALL THE ABOVE ARGUE FOR THE POTENTIAL FOR ISOLD 3 TO 5 INCH RAINFALL BEFORE THE SYSTEM STARTS SHIFTING EWD. 12 UTC Sounder LI Zoomed in view: With Eta forecast and watch boxes Janesville, WI received 4 inches of rain; Sullivan, WI had 3 inches.

NWS Forecast Office Assessment of GOES Sounder Total Precipitable Water Summer 99 Forecaster assessment of usefulness of changes in hourly TPW product for precipitation forecast Out of 207 weather cases. - Significant Positive Impact (21.3%) - Slight Positive Impact (50.2%) - No Discernible Impact (27%) - Slight Negative Impact (1%) - Significant Negative Impact (<1%) Figure from the National Weather Service, Office of Services

NWS Forecast Office Assessment of GOES Sounder Atmospheric Instability Summer 99 Forecaster assessment of usefulness of changes in hourly LI, CAPE, & CINH product for predicting location/timing of thunderstorms There were 248 valid weather cases. - Significant Positive Impact (30%) - Slight Positive Impact (49%) - No Discernible Impact (19%) - Slight Negative Impact (2%) - Significant Negative Impact (0) Figure from the National Weather Service, Office of Services

Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES)-8 Sounder Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) values. The axis of CAPE values greater than 2500 J/kg extended from eastern Nebraska into southern Minnesota. CAPE values calculated from the 00 UTC radiosondes were too sparse to capture this feature. The two counties outlined in northern Iowa show the location of an F-2 tornado that occurred just over two hours later. A NWS forecaster used Sounder data to help correctly forecast this event. A Derived Product Image of CAPE from the GOES-8 Sounder Stable Unstable Stable Radiosonde values 00 UTC on 10 August 1999 F-2 Tornado NOAA NESDIS ORA ARAD ASPT

Example of trends in GOES DPI (time series plots) from 08 August a web tool Afternoon destabilization in far W KY Monsoon moisture re-surging in SW AZ Sites selected from GOES Sounder PW DPI at 20 UTC on 08 Aug 2000

UW/CIMSS Comparing experimental GOES Sounder and TOMS satellite estimates of Total Ozone (O 3 ) at ground-based sites GOES and TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) show similar accuracies. GOES and TOMS Dobson Units (DU)

GOES Sounder Total Ozone determinations UW/CIMSS

One month average emissivity for 05/11/ /12/00 at 10 UTC dark blue areas (  sfc < 0.80) - missing data LW SW Longitude Latitude Current Product Improvement -- improved retrievals with a more rigorous surface emissivity

Geostationary Sounders (# of channels) VAS (experimental) GOES Sounder (operational) GIFTS (experimental) (12) (18) (~1600) Advanced Baseline Sounder (operational) time The ABS is the next logical step from experimental low spectral resolution to finally operational high-spectral resolution sounders.