(Horsetail; Scouring Rush) Equisetum (Horsetail; Scouring Rush) 2

Fun Facts 12 1 Uptake Silica 13 11 10

Evolutionary Significance 15 14 Close relatives (Equisetum itself?) present in the Carboniferous ( (Carboniferous: 360-300 MYA)

Life Cycle 6 5

Sporophyte: Stem and Leaves

Sporophyte: Photosynthesis

Leaves, Bud Primordia, Root Primordia Fig. 10-5 in Foster and Gifford 1989

Sporophyte: Shoot Growth Form Equisetum hyemale, E. pratense and E. sylvaticum

Sporophyte: Primary Growth

Sporophyte: Intercalary Growth Meristem Intercalary Meristem

Stem Anatomy

Sporophyte: Stem Anatomy (Collenchyma)

Sporophyte: Stem Anatomy (Canals) Vallecular Canal Carinal Canal Pith Canal

Sporophyte: Stem Anatomy (Carinal Canals (= Vascular Canals)) Xylem Phloem 21 Parenchyma

Sporophyte: Stem Anatomy (Endodermis) Figs. 10-8, 10-9 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Sporophyte: Stem Anatomy (Vasculature)

(Primary Root, Root Primordia) Sporophyte: Root (Primary Root, Root Primordia)

Sporophyte: Strobilus Position

Sporophyte: Strobilus

Sporophyte: Sporangium and Tapetum 9

Sporophyte: Spores, Elaters 22

6

Gametophyte Sexuality Fig. 10-16 in Gifford and Foster 1989

Gametangia

Equisetum: Embryo Development 26

Embryo Development

29 27 28 5

1 http://www.smianalytical.com/img/silica-dust.jpg 2 http://www.tcnj.edu/~mckinney/Equisetum%20May%2002-1.jpg 3 http://www.floralimages.co.uk/images/equisetum_ramosissimum_1297.jpg 4 http://www.plant-identification.co.uk/images/equisetaceae/equisetum- arvense-1.jpg 5 http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/bio406d/images/pics/equ/Equisetum%20hyemale %20strobilus.jpg 6 http://www.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/phot0159.jpg 7 http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/BotanicalSciences/Classification Plants/Cryptogamia/Bryophyta/NonvascularPlants/equ_sp_cu.jpg 8 http://www.stolaf.edu/people/ceumb/bio252/Equisetum.jpg 9 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Equisetum _strobilus_xs_of_wm_showing_sporangiophores.jpg/655px-Equisetum_ strobilus_xs_of_wm_showing_sporangiophores.jpg

10 http://www.tradenote.net/images/users/000/099/079/products_images/Silica_Fume_ SiO2.jpg 11 http://www.cphotois.com/images/shard.jpg 12 http://www.spokesmanreview.com/blogs/freshsheet/media/r_IMG_8001.JPG 13 http://www.floralimages.co.uk/images/equisetum_ramosissimum_1297.jpg 14 http://www.arcadiastreet.com/cgvistas/images/earth_calamites_&_dreps_ 600.jpg 15 http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/mazon_creek/images/calamites_x1.gif 16 http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/mazon_creek/images/calamites_big.gif 17 http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/classes/bot125/resource/graphics/g/ sph_equ_stm.jpg 18 http://www.csupomona.edu/~jcclark/classes/bot125/resource/graphics/g/sph _equ_stm.jpg 19 http://www.palaeos.com/Plants/Lists/Glossary/Images/Stoma.jpg

20 http://science.exeter.edu/jekstrom/JPEG/Eq_vas~1.jpe 21 http://www.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/phot0156.jpg 22 http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Fern_Allies/Sphenophyta/ Equisetum/Equisetum_spores_MC.jpg 23 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Equisetum _strobilus_wm.jpg/800px-Equisetum_strobilus_wm.jpg 24 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Equisetum_ strobilus_wm.jpg/800px-Equisetum_strobilus_wm.jpg 25 http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT201/EQUISETU/ Endodermis.jpg 26 http://www.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/phot0160.jpg 27 http://www.toyen.uio.no/palmus/galleri/montre/a31741.jpg 28 http://www.humboldt.edu/~natmus/lifeThroughTime/Pennsylvanian. web/266.jpg 29 http://www.museum.state.il.us/exhibits/mazon_creek/images/annularia_ x1.gif