Ch1 Introduction to Computers and Programming 1. History of computers (4 slides) 2. What is a computer system? 3. What is a software? 4. What is programming? 5. Different languages 6. Compiled vs. interpreted 1

History of Computers Don’t mistake computers with calculators or adding machines, who came with the Mayans, Egyptians, etc.. Computers are programmable. The first calculators were not programmable, hence not considered calculators. 2 History 1/4

1854 (~150 years ago) Pioneer of modern computer! Babbage’s difference engine Device to subtract adjacent values in a column of numbers. Created for engineers in charge of creating tables of logarithms and trigonometric functions. History 2/4 3

1943 (~70 years ago).. came Colossus Primarily used for breaking the German codes during World War 2. It would crack Enigma Codes (codes that were cracked by exhaustively shifting text by arbitrary amounts). For example: ‘Zsszbj zs 9599’ would be ‘Attack at 0600’ History 3/4 4

Finally, the von Neumann Architecture… The von Neumann computer architecture is mostly what we still use today. The architecture separates a computer in 3 major parts: The Central Processing Unit (CPU) The computer memory The Input/Output (I/O) devices CPU + memory Screen=output Speakers=output Mouse=input Keyboard=input ? ? Knob=input History 4/4 5

Software and programming? Microsoft Word, Excel, Guitar Hero, the address book in your cell phone, the electronic that starts a car, the avionics in an airplane… are all software that were written by people. Programming is the act of writing logical instructions that will be executed when people use the software. It is as difficult as learning to speak a foreign language, since the programmer is constrained to the vocabulary (specific keywords) and grammar (exact syntax) of programming. 6

A computer system today Keeping the von Neumann architecture, today’s computing systems combine both hardware and software. Hardware (i.e. what’s hard and can break..): mouse, keyboard, monitor, hard disk, printer, CD, DVD. Software i.e. the programs that describe the steps we want the computer to perform. 7

Categories of software Software contains the instructions the CPU uses to run programs. There are several categories, including: Operating systems (OS) – manager of the computer system as a whole Software applications – commercial programs that have been written to solve specific problems Language compilers - to ‘translate’ programs written by people into something understandable by the machine (sometimes not needed) 8

Generations of Languages used to write software 1) Machine language – also called binary language. Sequence of 0’s and 1’s. 2) Assembly language – each line of code produces a single machine instruction (add, subtract…), see bottom of page 11. 3) High-level language – slightly closer to spoken languages. addb,c adda,b a= a + b + c; 9 This line does the same as the two above.

Finally… MATLAB Is an interpreted language – does not require compilation, but it does have a compilation step hidden from the user. Has an interactive environment – “In the MATLAB environment, you can develop and execute programs that contain MATLAB commands. You can execute a MATLAB command, observe the results, and then execute another MATLAB command that interacts with the information in memory, observe its results and so on.” 10