Analysis of Electrification of Remote Villages in Palestine by using: PV system, Diesel, or Extension Electrical Network Prepared by :Ayman Shtayah Qais Samarah Supervisor : Dr. Imad Ibrik 1

Background Palestine suffers from: A non-secure electrical network Palestinian Authority (PA) does not have any independence network in the West Bank The electrical loads are increased, but the grid does not expand 2

Background Palestine has a high solar radiation (G r ) and peak sunshine hours (PSH) amounts to about 3000h and this is enough to produce solar energy in a sustainable way. Availability of a large number of rural villages isolated from the electric grid. High fuel cost in Palestine. 3

Primary Purposes Economics comparison among photovoltaic system (PV), diesel generator (DG), hybrid PV-DG, and expansion electrical network 4

Secondary Purposes Trial to feed more areas of electricity. Reduce the phenomenon of immigration from rural areas to cities & congestion in cities. Reduce the pollution of the atmosphere from diesel generators & product CO2. 5

Scope (PV alone system) It usually consists of: PV array, charge battery controller, inverter, and lead acid battery. 6

Scope (DG alone systems) DG are widely used sources for remote off-grid areas mainly due to their low capital costs. It needs regular maintenance, fuel, filters, oils,..etc. and employee 7

Scope (Hybrid PV-DG systems -Series ) it combines between PV & DG to make stable systems, because DG cover the reduction in energy of battery We add controller rectifier to convert AC to DC 8

Scope (Expansion electrical network ) It requires many as: conductors, insulators, towers, truss, transformer, switch gears,… etc. It is more stable, but it is rarely existing on remote village 9

Studying Load (Froosh Beit Dajan) located at east of Nablus 40km their population about 769 inhabitants in 100 houses. It suffers from preventive, confiscation of lands and water no electrical network despite of IEC pass through it. The nearest point of medium voltage 33KV return to PA far 6km at Aien Sheply village. 10

Main loads existing in Froosh Biet Dajan Residential loads: it distributed to centralized & decentralized Telecommunication tower loads (Jawwal tower): it distributed to AC, AC/DC and DC. Water Pumping loads: it has 5 main pumps but we chose Ibasi pump only. 11

Daily load curve 12 Decentralized centralized

Pmax & daily energy residentialSLhouseschoolMasjidMunicipalityAbbas AreaShaka Area P max (w) E (kwh/day) towerP max (kw)E (kwh/d) P AC P AC/DC P DC  After Studying the loads, we can get: PumpH (m)V (m 3 /day)E h (kwh/d) Ibasi  we get E after dividing the energy by ηTL = 94%

The Sizing of the systems- PV: residential & tower PV generator, storage battery, controller, inverter: we applied 4 Gr at 4 tilted angle (0, 20, 32, 45) ηv= 92%, ηc = 95%, ηB = 85%, Ad= 1.5, DOD= 75% 14

The Sizing of the systems- PV: residential & tower On tower we applied the min month Gr to keep the loads operating all times Because the land of the tower is rented (not personal ) we add the size of land a = area for 1kwp=7.055m 2 15

The Sizing of the systems- PV: water pumping PV generator, square inverter, induction motor we applied average Gr from May to October (when pump operating) ηv= 92%, ηm = 90%, V = m3/day, TDH= 1.05*H, η p= 95% We take percentages of Eh when we applying equations 16

The Sizing of the systems-existing DG: areaKVAh/dld/hld/dld/yh/y Abbas Shaka KVAh/dld/hld/dld/yh/y percentageDHP (hp)ld/y 10%72,106 20%144,212 40%288,424 60%4212,636 80%5616,848 90%6318, %7021,060 residential tower Ibasi pump

The Sizing of the systems- hybrid: residential & tower PV generator, storage battery, controller, inverter: is the same size of PV alone. in tower we used average Gr because the DG get more stability of the system. We used Ad= 1 day Size of :DG rectifier 18

The Sizing of the systems- hybrid: residential & tower To calculate the consumption of diesel and operating hour per year of DG, we must determine the percent that DG covered as follows: 19 Month tilt

The Sizing of the systems- hybrid: water pumping the diesel pumping used to compensate the percentage of Eh covered by PV. That means we cover 100% of Eh by two systems: PV and diesel, so we used two pumps for each. e.g.: when the percentage of PV is 10% then the percentage of diesel is 90% 20

The Sizing of the systems-Expansion electrical network When electrical network will be expanded, all loads in the village will be benefited from it. 21

The Sizing of the systems-Expansion electrical network 22 conductorlengthV (KV)Ac (mm)numberAc of earth ABAB phase35 B  C phase + 1 nutral50 B  D phase + 1 nutral35 B  E phase + 1 nutral35

Economical study 23 1.Normal case applied without any considerations of existing DG in the village 1.Replacement case The existing DG enters economical study as salvage value, subtract from present cost 1.Continuing case DG existing now work on hybrid system, no fixed cost of DG

Results PV alone: 24 System Abbas Centralized normal replacement Decentralized normal replacement Shaka Centralized normal replacement Decentralized normal replacement

Results PV alone: 25 AC normal replacement AC/DC normal replacement DC normal replacement % % % % % % %

Results DG alone: 26 Abbas0.865 Shaka0.916 Tower0.800 Pump 10% % % % % % %0.556

comparison of $/kwh for Ibasi pump DG alone & PV alone at different percentage of Eh 27

Results hybrid: Abbas normal replacement continuing Shaka normal replacement continuing Pump 10%PV + 90% diesel %PV + 80% diesel %PV + 60% diesel %PV + 40% diesel %PV + 20% diesel %PV + 10% diesel

Results hybrid: 29 Tower AC normal replacement continuing AC/DC normal replacement continuing DC normal replacement continuing

Results of extension network: 30 normal0.346 replacement0.333

Conclusion The most economical alternative to electrify the village is extension electrical network, but we know that is prevented since The most economical alternative to electrify the residential is the PV decentralized system at tilt 20 or 32 The second economical alternative to electrify the residential is the hybrid system at tilt angle= 32, and it is more than reliable PV 31

Conclusion The most economical alternative to electrify the tower is the hybrid with DC system at tilt 32, and it more than reliable PV The second economical alternative to electrify the tower is the existing DG (it is more economical than PV) The most economical alternative to electrify the pump is the diesel water pumping as existing now. 32