RRB pages DO NOT WRITE WHAT”S IN ORANGE THE WATER CYCLE

 The WATER CYCLE: Model of the circulation of water between the oceans, atmosphere and land  Precipitation: Water, in the form of rain, snow or sleet, falling from the sky  Evaporation: Change in phase from a liquid to a gas (vapor); aka vaporization  Transpiration: Process by which living plants release water vapor to the atmosphere  Groundwater: Water that infiltrates the ground

 Water is constantly being recycled by evaporation and condensation.  When water evaporates, impurities are left behind  Condensation: water vapor changes to liquid water, occurring when moist air cools

 The amount of water air can hold depends on the air temperature and pressure.  Warmer air can hold more water (think of a hot summer’s day compared to a cold winter’s day… it’s usually humid in the summer!)  Temp = Dew point = clouds/fog/mist/dew/snow/rain  Condensation nuclei: particles needed for water vapor to condense on to form rain or snow

 Solar energy is the driving force, evaporating water from the surface of oceans, lakes and seas.

 Happy/Sad Water Cycle Happy/Sad Water Cycle  Water Vapor Song (don't hate- participate) Water Vapor Song (don't hate- participate)  Another Water Cycle Song... love it or leave it Another Water Cycle Song... love it or leave it

 Create a hand drawn poster/paper of the water cycle or a song that includes all parts of the water cycle (evaporation, condensation, runoff, precipitation and transpiration).  It can be a song that you’ve heard before, but you must be willing to perform it in front of the class and provide me with the lyrics

 Surface and Groundwater: 1%  Glaciers: 2%  Ocean: 97%

 Groundwater: Water that infiltrates the ground  Zone of Saturation: Soil below the water table in which the pores are filled with groundwater  Zone of aeration: Soil above the water table in which most of the interconnected pores are filled with air  Water Table: Boundary at the top of the saturated zone within the soil

 Porosity: Portion or percent of empty space within a soil; the number of pores in a material compared with its volume  Permeability: ability of a soil to transmit water  Runoff: Precipitation that is unable to infiltrate the soil, so it moves overland into streams  Capillarity: Ability of a soil to draw water upward into tiny pores

1. During and after precipitation, streams get water from overland flow 2. In dry periods, streams can continue to flow, typically from streams from within the ground 3. In moist climates: groundwater replenishes the stream 4. In arid climates: streams replenish the groundwater 5.There is a time lag/delay between when precip falls and when streams and rivers respond 6. Factors that affect stream flow: gradient, vegetation, amount of pavement, type of precipitation, duration of precip, intensity of precip

 Porosity depends on: shape, packing and mixture of sizes of the soil particles  The most porous material would be round, well- sorted (about the same size), and not closely packed  Example of a low porosity material: Clay (flat, angular soil grains)

 Permeability is determined by the size of the pores and how the pores are connected  Sand is highly permeable (large pores that are well-connected)  Clay is highly impermeable (small pores, not well connected)  Soil can have high porosity and low permeability and vice-versa: hold very little water (nonporous), but water may pass quickly through the cracks (permeable)

 When temperature decreases, porosity and permeability is reduced. This means that less water can infiltrate into the ground.  An increase in vegetation decreases the amount of runoff  Roads, parking lots and buildings that cover permeable ground creases an impermeable surface, creating more runoff.

 Soils composed of very small particles show the most capillarity  Water moves upward against the force of gravity because of the attraction between the water molecules and the surfaces of the soil particles  Think of a paper towel

1.Water retention: storing of precipitation on the land surface as ice or snow. Water can also be retained on the leaves of plants 2.Infiltrate: precip can sink into the upper parts of Earth’s lithosphere under the influence of gravity 3.Runoff: when precipitation flows over Earth’s surface 4.Evaporation/Transpiration: About 2/3 of the precip that falls on land is sent back into the atmosphere

 Occurs when rainfall exceeds the permeability rate of the soil  When the slope of a soil’s surface is too steep, water runs off before it can soak in  Below freezing, water within a soil will freeze, preventing further infiltration  When the pore space of loose material is saturated with water

 Flooding occurs when a stream overflows its normal channel or when the precipitation exceeds the ability of the ground to infiltrate the water.  Safety when dealing with a flood: don’t down turn around and move to higher ground (a good use for topographic maps!)