Variceal Bleeding and Ascites Prof. R. Bruck Dept. of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center.

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Presentation transcript:

Variceal Bleeding and Ascites Prof. R. Bruck Dept. of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center

הצגת מקרה בת 36, נ+1 התקבלה בגלל הקאת דם טרי ידוע על שחמת כבד על רקע HBV ואלכוהול יתר לחץ דם פורטלי :  מיימת  דליות בושט  אנצפלופתיה כבדית

המשך במהלך 9 חודשים,שלושה אירועים של Upper GI Bleeding על רקע דמם מדליות בושט קשירת דליות X 3 גסטרוסקופיה אחרונה לפני 5 חודשים : -Esophageal varices grade II-III, ligation x 3 -Mild portal hypertensive gastropaty תרופות Deralin, Fusid, Aldacton, Duphalac

גסטרוסקופיה לפני 5 חדשים דליות גדולות בושטלאחר קשירה

בקבלתה – אישפוז נוכחי ל"ד - 92/60, דופק - 110, חום בטן- מיימת בינונית, טחול מוגדל, ללא רגישות לב ראות - ב.מ.פ מעבדה: HB-8.4, WBC , PLT INR- 2.1, PTT-41 ALT-72, AST-115, T. bilirubin- 2.3, ALP-91

טיפול ראשוני טיפול PC+ FFP גסטרוסקופיה: -מגובה 20 ס"מ נראו דליות דרגה III, בחלקן עם עדות ל Red spots-. קיבה – גסטרופתיה קלה, ללא מקור דמם, תריסריון – ב.מ.פ -קשירת 4 דליות – דמם פעיל לאחר הקשירה הרביעית

גסטרוסקופיה באישפוז הנוכחי דליות לפני קשירה דמם פעיל לאחר הקשירה

המשך טיפול במחלקה מתן מנות דם + FFP IV Omeprazole הכנסתtube Blackmore גסטרוסקופיה חוזרת לאחר יומיים: ללא דמם פעיל, גומיות על דליות, דליה נקרוטית, איסכמיה קלה בחלק עליון של הקיבה

מהלך בהמשך פיתחה זיהוםה ריאתי, אי ספיקה נשימתית הנשמה, וטיפול אנטיביוטי IV V.R.E. SEPSIS נפטרה כחודש לאחר האישפוז

Varices are present in 40% of patients with compensated cirrhosis (Child A) and in 60% of patients with ascites

Natural Course 1/3 of patients with esophageal varices will develop variceal hemorrhage After variceal hemorrhage: 2 year survival of only 30-40% in untreated patients

Recommendations regarding diagnosis and treatment of portal hypertension Level of evidence: (1 - highest to 5 - lowest) Grade of recommendation: (A- strongest to D – weakest) Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology and therapy in portal hypertension J Hepatol 43: ;2005

Screen all cirrhotic patients for varices No treatment to prevent varices formation (1,A) (Primary prophylaxis) Drug therapy Small varices Red whales or Child C cirrhosis have increased risk of bleeding – treat with beta blockers (5,D) Treat all patients ? Medium/large varices Beta blockers reduce the risk of first variceal bleeding (1a;A) Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology and therapy in portal hypertension J Hepatol 43: ;2005

Endoscopic therapy ( medium/large varices) Endoscopic band ligation (EBL) is effective in preventing first variceal bleeding Recommended to patients with contraindications or intolerance to β blockers Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology and therapy in portal hypertension J Hepatol 43: ;2005 (Primary prophylaxis)

Acute

(Within 12 h of admission)

Pharmacologic therapy in acute variceal bleeding Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology and therapy in portal hypertension 2005 In suspected variceal bleeding, vasoactive drugs (terlipressin, somatostatin, etc.) should be started as soon as possible before diagnostic endoscopy (1b:A) Drug therapy should be maintained in patients with variceal bleeding for 2-5 days (1a;A)

Baveno IV consensus workshop on methodology and therapy in portal hypertension J Hepatol 43: ;2005 Ligation is the recommended form of endoscopic therapy for acute variceal bleeding (1b;A). For acute gastric variceal bleeding endoscopic therapy with tissue adhesive (N-butyl- cyanoacrylate) is recommended (1b;A) Endoscopic treatment is best used in association with pharmacological therapy, which should be started before endoscopy!

SUMMARY

Gastric varices Fundal varices

Gastric varices

Classification of Gastric Varices (~20%) (586 patients) Sarin et al. Hepatology 1992;16:1343 (74%) (16%)(8%) (2%)

 GOV2 or IGV1 (Fundic varices) Cyanoacrylate or TIPS are effective  GOV1 Cyanoacrylate or band ligation  Stable patients with GV: β blockers Bleeding gastric varices Baveno IV recommendatios

TIPS - Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt

Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Cirrhotic Patients with GI Bleeding

ASCITES

הופעת מיימת ותמותה ממחלת הכבד שנים מהופעת המיימתהיוותרות בחיים (%) שנה70 שנתיים55 3 שנים38 4 שנים20 5 שנים15 שיפור משמעותי בהיוותרות בחיים בחולים שעוברים השתלת כבד

Complications of ascites Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis Hepatorenal syndrome Respiratory distress Umbilical hernia

Serum-Ascites Albumin Gradient Low Gradient <1.1 g/dL (11 g/L)High Gradient ≥1.1 g/dL (11 g/L) Peritoneal carcinomatosisCirrhosis Tuberculous peritonitisAlcoholic hepatitis Pancreatic ascitesCardiac ascites Bowel obstruction or infarction"Mixed" ascites Biliary ascitesMassive liver metastases Nephrotic syndromeFulminant hepatic failure Postoperative lymphatic leakBudd-Chiari syndrome Serositis in connective tissue diseases Portal vein thrombosis Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome Myxedema Fatty liver of pregnancy Serum-Ascites Albumin Gradient Low Gradient <1.1 g/dL (11 g/L)High Gradient ≥1.1 g/dL (11 g/L) Peritoneal carcinomatosisCirrhosis Tuberculous peritonitisAlcoholic hepatitis Pancreatic ascitesCardiac ascites Bowel obstruction or infarction"Mixed" ascites Biliary ascitesMassive liver metastases Nephrotic syndromeFulminant hepatic failure Postoperative lymphatic leakBudd-Chiari syndrome Serositis in connective tissue diseases Portal vein thrombosis Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome Myxedema Fatty liver of pregnancy Serum-Ascites Albumin Gradient Classification of Ascites by Serum-Ascites Albumin Gradient Low Gradient <1.1 g/dL (11 g/L) High Gradient ≥1.1 g/dL (11 g/L) Peritoneal carcinomatosisCirrhosis Tuberculous peritonitisAlcoholic hepatitis Pancreatic ascitesCardiac ascites Bowel obstruction or infarction "Mixed" ascites Biliary ascitesMassive liver metastases Nephrotic syndromeFulminant hepatic failure Postoperative lymphatic leakBudd-Chiari syndrome Serositis in connective tissue diseases Portal vein thrombosis Sinusoidal obstruction syndrome Myxedema Fatty liver of pregnancy

Treatment of ascites – safety issues Peripheral edema provides safety buffer In patients without peripheral edema maximal diuresis L/day If BUN/creatinine rises - stop diuretics If abrupt deterioration - consider NSAIDS, SBP or aminoglycosides As patient stabilizes – reduce diuretics accordingly Complete resolution of ascites not always necessary and may be dangerous

Hepatorenal syndrome

Treatment of type-1 HRS Circulatory support with albumin Arterial vasoconstriction and TIPS improve GFR and prolong survival Consider the patient for liver transplantation

Drugs used in the therapy of hepatorenal syndrome