Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology What we can do with genes

RB answers #’s People can be tested to diagnose if they have a certain disease and they can be treated with hormones that are genetically engineered pairs would contain base A Deficiency wouldn’t effect the DNA from replicating Proteins couldn’t be made b/c the amino acids are missing 43. 3

. The combination of biology and technology has been making many products better for many years.. such as bread, cheese, and yogurt by using the best ingredients to make the best products. This brings about…. This brings about….

Selective Breeding Humans select animals or plants with desirable (beneficial) traits and breed them Humans select animals or plants with desirable (beneficial) traits and breed them This ensures that many of the offspring will have desirable traits from both parents This ensures that many of the offspring will have desirable traits from both parents This is how we have so many breeds of dogs, horses, cats and foods! This is how we have so many breeds of dogs, horses, cats and foods! This is also how we have certain fruits and vegetables with certain traits – known as genetically modified foods This is also how we have certain fruits and vegetables with certain traits – known as genetically modified foods Does NOT involve actually changing DNA! Does NOT involve actually changing DNA!

5 Examples of selective breeding meat products have been bred to contain less fat. fruits and vegetables we consume have been selectively bred to be larger, sweeter, hardier, and even juicier, and resistant to fungus infections.

What is Genetic Engineering? Technology that humans use to alter DNA or study DNA Technology that humans use to alter DNA or study DNA Examples: Examples: – DNA Fingerprinting (Gel Electrophoresis) Used in paternity testing Used in paternity testing Used as evidence in criminal cases Used as evidence in criminal cases – DNA Recombination Inserting a gene into bacterial DNA Inserting a gene into bacterial DNA Bacteria will then construct the protein coded for in that DNA Bacteria will then construct the protein coded for in that DNA

Restriction Enzymes- Restriction Enzymes- Video (47 sec) Video (47 sec) Special enzymes that recognize certain DN and then actually cut (splice) the DNA at that location Special enzymes that recognize certain DNA bases and then actually cut (splice) the DNA at that location Used in DNA Fingerprinting and DNA Recombination Used in DNA Fingerprinting and DNA Recombination – EXAMPLE: EcoRI recognizes GAATTC – Will cut at this spot between the G and A – Creates STICKY ENDS (single strands of DNA) that can bind to new DNA EcoRI- Commonly used restriction enzyme

Let’s See! Let’s See! Restriction Enzyme Animation! Let’s See! Steps in Cloning a Gene (683.0K) Let’s See! Steps in Cloning a Gene (683.0K)

Types of Genetic Engineering 1. Gel Electrophoresis- 1. Gel Electrophoresis- Clip (0.53 min): Clip (0.53 min): Separates DNA into different banding patterns based on Separates DNA into different banding patterns based on NUMBER OF BASES IN EACH CUT STRAND NUMBER OF BASES IN EACH CUT STRAND – DNA is cut up using a restriction enzyme – This leaves DNA strands of different sizes CHARGE OF DNA CHARGE OF DNA DNA is negatively (-) charged, so it will move towards a positive charge DNA is negatively (-) charged, so it will move towards a positive charge DNA separates due to opposite charge at one end of chamber and how heavy it is DNA separates due to opposite charge at one end of chamber and how heavy it is Makes a “finger-print” Makes a “finger-print”

Let’s See! Let’s See! Gel Electrophoresis animation:

11 o Parents will have similar banding to their children and vice-versa-used for o Parents will have similar banding to their children and vice-versa-used for Paternity tests It is important to remember that the child’s DNA came from both of the parents… …50% from mom; 50% from dad…and the DNA fingerprint should reflect this. Animation: Let’s See!Let’s See!

Types of Genetic Engineering con’t 2. Recombinant DNA Technology Inserting gene from one organism into a circular piece of bacterial DNA called a plasmid Inserting gene from one organism into a circular piece of bacterial DNA called a plasmid Ex: Inserting human insulin gene into bacterium; bacterium will now make insulin for diabetics Ex: Inserting human insulin gene into bacterium; bacterium will now make insulin for diabetics

Steps for causing bacteria to make human insulin by Recombinant technology:Steps for causing bacteria to make human insulin by Recombinant technology: 1. Cut out insulin gene from human DNA using a restriction enzyme 2. Cut open bacterial plasmid using same restriction enzyme 3. Combine cut plasmids with many copies of human gene 4. Several plasmids will “accept” human gene 5. These plasmids now have the ability to make human insulin This is a cheaper way to obtain insulin because it can be produced in greater amounts and there are smaller risks of side effects since the gene making the insulin is a human gene.

14 Diagram of Recombinant DNA Recombinant DNA: You Tube VideoRecombinant DNA: You Tube Video (2:32) Recombinant DNA: You Tube Video

Recombinant DNA Clip (3.04 min) Recombinant DNA Clip (3.04 min) Recombinant DNA Clip (3.04 min) Recombinant DNA Clip (3.04 min) pmNfv1jKuA pmNfv1jKuA pmNfv1jKuA pmNfv1jKuA

Replicating a DNA sequence over and over and over and over again… Replicating a DNA sequence over and over and over and over again… Allows scientists to study specific sequences Allows scientists to study specific sequences Applications of this include: mapping of the human genome project, single sperm analysis, molecular archaeology and ancient DNA, molecular ecology and behavior, disease diagnosis and drug discovery. Applications of this include: mapping of the human genome project, single sperm analysis, molecular archaeology and ancient DNA, molecular ecology and behavior, disease diagnosis and drug discovery. Let’s See! 2. PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

Benefits of Genetic Engineering  Making large amounts of a human protein, such as insulin  Finding cures by altering DNA  DNA Fingerprinting has helped us to see how similar certain organisms are  Alter DNA in plants to make them resistant to certain diseases  Paternity tests!