Absolute Monarchs in Europe, A.D. Section 1 Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism

Charles V’s Spanish Empire

Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism Charles V –splits his Spanish empire Philip II –Charles’ son –Spain, Spanish Netherlands, American colonies King’s 1/5th –Portugal –Defender of the Faith Battle of Lepanto Spanish Armada –Arts Diego Velazquez Miguel de Cervantes –Don Quixote

Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism Spain’s problems Inflation –population increase, price increase –drop in silver value taxes –expulsion of Jews and Moors –no middle class merchant guilds –no capitalism; wealth flowed out Dutch Revolt –occupation force –Calvinism and taxes –William of Orange United Provinces of the Netherlands

Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism United Provinces (Netherlands) –religious toleration –republic focus on commerce –world’s largest merchant fleet –world’s bankers art –Rembrandt van Rijn wealthy merchants; groups Absolute Monarchs –rule without limits urbanization; middle class decline in church influence decline in nobility influence –divine right God’s representative

Spain’s Empire and European Absolutism Objectives To describe Spanish power under Philip II. Wealthiest and most powerful; Defender of the Faith; Golden Age To explain weaknesses in the Spanish Empire. Inflation, unequal taxes, out-flowing wealth, Dutch Revolt To describe the birth of the Netherlands. William of Orange, religious toleration, commerce and banking, art To explain the origins of absolute monarchy. Retain all power, divine right, rise from centralization and crises Vocabulary: Philip II, absolute monarch, divine right

Absolute Monarchs in Europe, A.D. Section 2 France’s Ultimate Monarch

Religious Wars Create a Crisis King Henry II & Catherine de Medicis –1559: Catherine real power –1572: St. Bartholomew’s Day Henry of Navarre –Protestant Prince (Huguenot) –inherits the throne Henry IV 1st Bourbon king –Catholic conversion –Edict of Nantes religious toleration Louis XIII –Cardinal Richelieu de facto ruler increased Bourbon power Huguenots and nobles –skepticism nothing can be known for certain Michel de Montaigne

Louis XIV Rules Absolutely Louis XIV –most powerful king crown at age 5 –Cardinal Mazarin Louis’ minister 1648 Thirty Years War Treaty –most powerful in Europe fight with nobles –centralization of power noble exclusion intendants –tax and justice agents –Jean Baptiste Colbert finance minister mercantilism policies –Edict of Nantes revocation

Louis’s Grand Style Nobility –morning dress –increased royal authority dependence on Louis kept from locales Versailles –11 miles from Paris $2B in 1994 dollars 36K laborers 500 yards long –What is similar in China? –Arts patronage Sun King glorify the king

Versailles Gardens

Louis Fights Disastrous Wars France in 1660 –largest population & army Spanish Netherlands Dutch Netherlands –‘dike’ warfare League of Augsburg –balance of power alliance –Sweden, Spain, England War of Spanish Succession –Charles II dies Philip of Anjou –Treaty of Utrecht Spain and France separate Louis XIV legacy –empire, debt, resentment

France’s Ultimate Monarch Objectives To describe religious and political conflicts in France. Protestants vs. Catholics civil wars; Henry IV religious tolerance; Cardinal Richelieu’s rise; skepticism embraced To explain Louis XIV’s policies. Cardinal Mazarin raises taxes / strengthens central govt.; Louis is France’s most powerful king; Jean Baptiste Colbert’s economy To characterize the style of the French royal court. Luxury; nobles waiting game; Versailles and patronage To identify causes and effects of the French wars. French expansion; European anti-French alliance; weakening Vocabulary: Edict of Nantes, Cardinal Richelieu, skepticism, Louis XIV, intendant, Jean Baptiste Colbert, War of the Spanish Succession

Absolute Monarchs in Europe, A.D. Section 4 Russian Czars Increase Power

From Ivan to the Romanovs Ivan III –founder of empire liberated Russia from Mongols –centralize government Ivan IV – –“good” – –czar –“terrible” – 1560 –boyars landowning nobles –traitors Anastasia Time of Troubles –battle for throne boyars –Michael Romanov

Russia Expansion – Ivan IV

Peter the Great Takes the Throne Russia in the 1600s –land of serfs and boyars mid-1850s –serfs attached to land –isolation Constantinople –Eastern Orthodox Mongol threat Peter the Great – –future of Russia warm water seaport –competition westernization –‘Grand Embassy’ –customs and technology –England, Germany, Austria

Russian Expansion - Peter

Peter Rules Absolutely Change Takes Power –Russian Orthodox Church state control –power from nobles appointing of ‘loyal’ lower class –westernized professional army heavy taxes Societal Changes –1 st newspaper –increased women status –traditional dress banned St. Petersburg –“window to the west” –water routes to Europe

Russian Czars Increase Power Objectives To explain how Ivan III and later Russian rulers began to build a stronger Russian state. Czars strengthen Russian state; reduce power of boyars; Ivan the ‘good’ becomes Ivan the ‘terrible’ To characterize differences between Russia and western Europe and the emerging role of Peter the Great Peter the Great takes throne; Russia is land of nobles and serfs, isolated and backwards; Peter visits and studies western Europe To describe Peter’s reforms and their impact on Russia. Peter westernizes Russia; religion under state control; limits power of nobles; modernizes army; Baltic Sea seaport at St. Petersburg Vocabulary: Ivan the Terrible, boyars, Peter the Great, westernization

Absolute Monarchs in Europe, A.D. Section 5 Parliament Limits the English Monarchy

Monarchs Clash with Parliament Elizabeth –last of Tudors James I –Scottish Stuarts –absolute monarchy –Calvinist –King James Bible Charles I –son of James I –calls Parliament Petition of Right –law is higher than king –dissolves Parliament –calls Parliament ‘Scot’ problem

English Civil War English Civil War –Parliament limit on king’s power Charles I orders arrests supporters and opponents of Charles I –Royalists vs. Roundheads –Oliver Cromwell Puritan Roundhead leader Charles I captured by 1647 –lost English Civil War –public execution rules England as military dictator puts down Irish rebellion tolerance except Catholics

Restoration and Revolution Restoration Charles II –son of Charles I habeas corpus –no jailing for political opposition –speedy trial James II –Charles II brother –Catholic Whigs vs. Tories –dissolves Parliament –infant son

Political Changes Glorious Revolution –William and Mary Prince of the Netherlands –Protestants Parliamentary invite –bloodless overthrow of James II –William as new English king Parliament recognized partner constitutional monarchy –laws limit monarch’s power Bill of Rights cabinet –prevent disagreements –link between monarch / majority

Stuart Family Tree

Parliament Limits the English Monarchy Objectives To identify conflicts between English rulers and Parliament. English kings clash w/ Parliament over money and power; Charles I dissolves Parliament To explain the causes and results of the English Civil War. Charles I recalls Parliament; Charles I supporters vs. opponents in Civil War; Puritans win civil war; Charles I executed To describe the Restoration and Glorious Revolution. Charles II as king; James II deposed; William and Mary take power To explain political changes under William and Mary. Constitutional monarchy; Bill of Rights; cabinet as center of power Vocabulary: Charles I, English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell, Restoration, habeas corpus, Glorious Revolution, constitutional monarchy, cabinet