Clinical Laboratory Studies Chapter 6

Laboratory Testing Peripheral venous blood Body fluids or secretions Sputum Pleural fluid Cerebrospinal fluid Urine Feces Sweat

Hematology Cellular Elements 2. Proteins in the Plasma CBC Platelet count Reticulocyte count 2. Proteins in the Plasma PT INR APTT WBC - leukocytes RBC – erythrocytes Platelets - thrombocytes

WBC WBC Differential Granulocytes Lymphocytes Monocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes

WBC Abnormalities Leukocytosis Leukopenia Neutrophilia Neutropenia Pseudoneutrophilia Pseudoneutropenia Left Shift Eosinophilia Basophilia Lymphocytosis Lymphocytopenia Monocytosis Leukemia Myeloproliferative disorders

RBC Normoblasts Hematocrit Hemoglobin MCV MCH MCHC RDW

RBC Abnormalities Anemia Polycythemia Microcytic hypochromic Normocytic normochromic Macrocytic Polycythemia Primary Secondary Spurious

Reticulocyte count Sedimentation rate Platelet count Coagulation studies Bleeding time APTT PT/INR

Chemistry Electrolyte Concentrations BUN/Creatinine Enzymes Glucose Proteins Lipids Tumor Markers Drug Monitoring

Electrolyte Concentrations Sodium (Na+) Hypernatremia Hyponatremia Potassium (K-) Hyperkalemia Hypokalemia Chloride (Cl-) Hyperchloremia hypochloremia Total CO2 Anion Gap Electrolyte concentration of Sweat

Renal Function BUN Creatinine

Enzymes AST ALT ALP ACP LDH CK Myoglobin Troponin Amylase Lipase

Glucose Hyperglycemia Hypoglycemia

Proteins Lipids Tumor Markers Drug Monitoring

Microbiology Normal flora vs sterile areas of the body Pathogenic organisms Classification Culture and Sensitivity Sputum Collection Sputum Examination BAL Pleural Fluid Examination

Urinalysis Appearance Specific gravity pH Protein - proteinuria Glucose – glucosuria Ketones Blood - hematuria Bilirubin Urobilinogen Nitrate Sediment

Histology - Biopsy Cytology Skin Testing Lung tissue Tumors Fluids Secretions Skin Testing