Structure Environment Time Action Space Communication Power Individualism Thinking CULTURALORIENTATION TO 10 VARIABLES A Cultural Model Competitiveness

Environment – Control vs Harmony vs Constraint USA W.Europe Israel Middle East Latin America Africa Israel Russia Asia

Environment Dominant mode: constraint, even fatalism People see their lives governed by external elements: the climate, foreign governments, internal, often authoritarian governments Reasons for this are minimal educational opportunities and infrastructures, dependence on foreign aid Change has been mostly externally driven but this is changing as the West leaves Africa to its own devices SO…

Fatalism and the burden of the sacred In the Western world, the management of a modern enterprise rest mainly on rational considerations – clear standards of performance and productivity For many Africans, their progress depends on hidden and mystical forces. Their promotion is a result of the work of a magician or their chief – it is linked with magical powers

Guidelines Be realistic – don’t raise expectations too high Don’t try to force change. Facilitate change by persistence

Time – Monochronic vs Polychronic USA N. Europeans Japan Hong Kong Korea S.E. Asia S.Europeans Middle East Latin Americans Israel Africa

Time In most of Africa, time is fluid, not linear Relationships are more important than time lines and schedules Business is postponed by sitting and talking until comfort is established and relationship built Patience is a survival skill, not just a virtue

Time - Elderliness is not a disease, but a wealth Time is abundant The concept of future is foreign to much African thinking. Actual time is the present and the past – time moves backwards, not forwards Christianity and Western concepts are changing the concept of time, creating concern for the future, for education and for growth SO…

Guidelines Don’t show impatience or try to hurry – you may be seen as trying to cheat Slow down – don’t fight against local time Show respect for traditions Be flexible. Put your watch in your pocket A patient man will eat ripe fruits.

Time – Present vs Past vs Future Middle East Africa East Asia Latin America Israel Latin America Africa America Canada East Asia