Biological Treatments of Disorders
Stress Psychology
Operant Conditioning
Names
Language
Memory
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Electroconvulsive therapy is used, only in rare cases, to treat this disorder
Depression
Drug used to treat bipolar disorder
Lithium carbonate
Thorazine (used to treat schizophrenia) works as…
Dopamine antagonists
Name the most common depression drugs and the neurotransmitters they affect
SSRIs: Paxil, Zoloft, Prozac SNRI: Effexor (serotonin and norepinephrine)
What is an atypical antipsychotic/neuroleptic?
Used in 50% of schizophrenia patients; Alters dopamine and serotonin; More effective in reducing negative symptoms; Lessens risk of tardive dyskinesia; Clozaril
This type of personality is highly competitive and more susceptible to heart disease
Type A
What are the three steps in Hans Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome?
Alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion
Conflict that results when a goal has both desirable and undesirable outcomes
Approach-Avoidance
Hormone that is released during stressful situations to deal with the stressor
Cortisol
How does stress affect our immune system?
Stress hormones suppress the activity of lymphocytes (white blood cells)
Who is the “father” of operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
What does Edward Thorndike’s Law of Effect say?
Behaviors with favorable consequences will be repeated; Behaviors with unfavorable consequences will occur less frequently
When an undesirable state or event ends, _____ reinforcement has occurred
Negative
Something that is naturally reinforcing is known as a…
Primary reinforcer
The reinforcement of behaviors that are more and more similar to the one you want to occur
Shaping
Father of psychology
Wilhelm Wundt
Major name in humanistic psychology; Hierarchy of needs
Abraham Maslow
His law says that in order for a difference to be noticed, two stimuli must differ by a constant proportion, not amount
Ernst Weber
Misinformation Effect; Major name in reconstructive memory
Elizabeth Loftus
Stressed the role of culture and cultural difference in cognitive development
Lev Vygotsky
Set of basic sounds; in English language
Phoneme
Believed that humans are born with an innate ability to produce language
Noam Chomsky
The rules we use to order words into sentences
Syntax
The idea that different languages impose different conceptions of reality on our thinking
Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis (Benjamin Whorf)
Which type of language develops first in children?
Receptive (ability to comprehend speech)
Three steps in the information processing model
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
Three stage processing model
Sensory input
Unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time, and frequency
Automatic processing
What is the serial position effect?
Tendency to recall the first and last items in a sequence (primacy: beginning; recency: end)
The encoding of meaning
Semantic encoding