Information processing

 Encoding-getting information into the memory system.

 Automatic processing-unconscious encoding of some information, such as space, time, and frequency, without effort.  Remembering location, time and frequency  Happens automatically

 Effortful processing-encoding that requires work to remember.  Rehearsal-conscious repetition of information.

 Conducted the first memory studies  Helped us understand the importance of rehearsal  Rehearsal: the conscious repetition of information  Practice really does make perfect

 Overlearning-rehearsal of information beyond the point where it has been learned.  Musicians  Gymnasts

 Serial position effect-tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list.  Primacy effect-ability to recall items near beginning of a list  Recency effect-ability to recall items near end of a list.

 Spacing effect is the tendency for distributed practice to yield better retention than is achieved through massed practice.  Distributed rehearsal- spreading rehearsal out in several sessions separated by time.  Massed rehearsal-putting all rehearsal time together in one long session. cramming

 Semantic encoding-encoding of meaning.  Effective way to memorize. Make it meaningful  Self-reference effect-relate it to you.

 Mnemonic Devices are a memory trick or technique.  Methods of Loci: Associating items to remember with imaginary places.  Peg-word system: Associating items with a list of peg words you have already memorized.

 Storage- the retention of information over time.

Storage Sensory storage Memory: the brief initial coding of sensory information in the memory system. Iconic store: Storing of visual images until another picture replaces it Echoic Store: storing of auditory information Short-term memory: Conscious, activated memory that holds about seven chunks of information briefly before the information is stored more permanently or forgotten Long-term Memory: The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Flashbulb memories: a vivid, clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event Long-term potentiation: an increase in a synapse’s firing efficiency. Believed to be the neural base of learning Implicit: memory for skills and procedures, that are retrieved without conscious recollection. Explicit: memory of facts and experiences that one must consciously retrieve and declare

Sensory Memory Our senses are constantly bombarded with sensory input. Just think about how much you hear, smell, and can feel right now. It becomes obvious that we gather a lot more information then we could ever cope with or hope to use. We hold visual information in our iconic store for less than half a second. It is this store that helps us hold one image in our visual field until another replaces it. Auditory or sound information is stored in the echoic store and we usually hold it there for only three to four seconds.

Short-term Memory Short-term memory is more permanent then sensory memory because you are more consciously aware of it at any point in time. Although this memory is more permanent then sensory it is a lot smaller in how much it can retain. George miller (1956) established that you can roughly remember seven chunks of information, some people more some less.

Long-term Memory Long-term Memory: The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Flashbulb memories: a vivid, clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event Long-term potentiation: an increase in a synapse’s firing efficiency. Believed to be the neural base of learning Implicit: memory for skills and procedures, that are retrieved without conscious recollection. Explicit: memory of facts and experiences that one must consciously retrieve and declare

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 Ask not what your country can do for you

 Chunking- organizing information into meaningful units

 Retrieval is getting information out of storage  Two forms of memory Retrieval  Recall: a measure of memory in which you must retrieve information you learned earlier  Recognition: a measure of memory in which you must identify items you learned earlier  Context: the enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in an environment similar to the one in which you encoded the information.  State-dependent memory: the enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in the same physical and emotional state you were in when you encoded the information.

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