SEMESTER FINAL 2012 AP PSYCHOLOGY

 What is the experimental procedure in which both subjects and researchers are ignorant about the control & experimental groups?

o In which stage of language development does multi- lingual vocal sound appear (and then disappear)?

Any effect on behavior caused by expectations or by use of inert substance

Process by which animals (ducks, geese, monkeys…) form attachments during an early critical period

The central focal point in the retina in which cones are concentrated

An emotional tie with another person Shown by young children toward caregiver (and by Harlow’s baby monkeys!)

 List & define the 7 psychological perspectives

Summarize the impact of environmental factors on personality development.

Diminishing sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

Which reproductive event is signaled by a reduction in estrogen levels in women?

Name & contrast the 3 parenting styles

Mental short—cuts to problem solving (it is prone to errors)

List the 3 levels of moral development identified by Kohlberg. Explain each.

Organizing items into familiar manageable units in order to remember them

Areas of the cerebral cortex NOT involved in motor or sensory functions Control higher level functions

Explain the difference between gender-role, gender- schema, & gender-type.

Focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

Learning by watching and imitating the behavior of others

Philosopher who believe the mind & body are inseperable

Which limbic system structure controls hunger, sex drive, thirst, temperature?

The tendency to believe that we could have foreseen the outcome of an event

The best example of a concept in a category

Contrast : FI FR VI VR

An understood rule for accepted and expected behavior within a culture

Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, problem-solving, & communicating

Which body functions is/are controlled by the “little brain?”

Identify: Mean Median Mode

Explain “the other two” senses.

Name 2 primary sex characteristics and 2 secondary sex characteristics

Other than identical genes, what else do identical twins “share?”

Name four ways in which scientists can “see” what is happening in our brain. EEG- fMRI- MRI- PET-

Attributing an event we have heard or read about to our own experience; source of false memories

Opposing retinal processes that enable color vision Give me examples

What is the difference between proactive interference & retroactive interference?

An operant conditioning process in which reinforcers guide behavior closer & closer toward the desired behavior

Complete set of instructions for making an organism; consists of all the genetic material in organism’s chromosomes

Summarize the nature-nurture debate.

The tendency, after conditioning, for similar stimuli to elicit similar responses

Contrast recall & recognition.

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Which types of memory are process by the: Hippocampus Cerebellum Amygdala

A concept or framework that organizes and interprets information; according to Piaget, young children develop these

Observation technique in which one person is studies in depth to identify universal principles

Impairment of language (either speaking or hearing)

Where & how does the brain “remember?”

“Correlation is NOT!”

What is the difference between representativeness heuristic & availability heuristic?

Identify UCS UCR CS CR

Pioneer of behaviorist school of learning; almost as famous as his dog!

Define:phoneme morpheme syntax semantics

Principle of concrete operational thought (Piaget); properties of an object (mass, volume) remain constant despite changes in form

Contrast absolute threshold & difference threshold.

A measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together Positive= Negative=

Where are the Broca’s Area & Wernicke’s Area located? What does each control?

What is the “Law of Effect?”

Define neurotransmitter. Give 5 examples & what each is responsible for.

When is the “critical period” for learning a language? What happens if a language is acquired after this?

The lining of the cochlea; contains hair cells that trigger neural messages to be sent to the auditory nerve

Clinging to one’s initial beliefs even after they have been discredited

Processing sensory input by encoding its meaning

The philosopher who authored the first major textbook for psychology

Name the psychologist who developed each theory: Moral Development Cognitive Development Psychosocial Development

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the brain computes distance by comparing images from both eyeballs

Another term for observational learning

Tendency to search for information that agrees with previously-held ideas; evade contradictory evidence

How are nutrients and oxygen transferred from a mother to her fetus?

The professor who established the first psychology lab, employing the method of introspection

Perceiving objects as unchanging (lightness, color, shape, size) even as retinal image changes

What are “mnemonics?” Give an example.

Identify the between identical twins & fraternal twins.

Type of study that tests the same subjects over the course of their lives

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without manipulating the situation

Why do we “forget?”

Tendency to recall best the first and last items in a list.

Who argued that humans have a predisposition to use and master the grammatical rules of language?

What is the difference between dependent variable & independent variable?

List & define the monocular cues of perception.

What was the main disagreement between Descartes & Locke?

Why do men in all cultures seek younger females with whom to marry?

Describe signal detection theory.

Perceiving a relationship between two things where none exists.

Name the four lobes of the cerebral cortex. What is the function of each?