Standard 1: Cell Biology The fundamental life processes of plants animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism’s cells.
Standard 1a. Students know cells are enclosed within semi permeable membranes that regulate their interaction with their surroundings.
Standard 1c Students know how prokaryotic cells,eukaryotic cells(including those from plants and animals), and viruses differ in complexity and general structure.
Standard 1e Students know the role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in the secretion of the proteins.
Biology Notes Cell Structure and Function Chapter 3
Important people and their contributions to the Cell Hook – First to identify and name cells in 1665 Schleiden – Discovered that plants are made up of cells. (1838) Schwann – Discovered that all living things are made up of cells. (1839) Virchow – Determined that cells come from other cells (reproduce). (1858)
Cell Theory 1.All organisms are made up of cells. 2.New cells come only from old cells. 3.The cell is the basic unit of life.
Cellular Similarities All cells are made up of the same material: Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Cytoplasm Genetic Material (Nucleic Acids)
Prokaryotic Cell Cells that do not have a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles Kingdom Monera (bacteria)are the only group with this type of cell. Contain only a single strand of DNA One celled organisms
Eukaryotic Cell Have a nucleus Contain membrane bound organelles within a plasma membrane Some cells have a cell wall that provide support and protection Multi-cellular organisms
Eukaryotic Cells are Found in: Kingdom Protista Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plantae Kingdom Animalia
Animal Cell Organelles Nucleus & cell control Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) Golgi Apparatus Vacuoles & Lysosomes Mitochondria
The Plasma Membrane Boundary between the cell and its environment Regulates functions of the cell Maintains Homeostasis Selectively Permeable Composed of a Phospholipid Bilayer Described by Fluid Mosaic model
Fluid Mosaic Model Fluid - membrane is flexible Mosaic - forms patterns on the membrane surface
Nucleus The “leader” of the eukaryotic cell Surrounded by the Nuclear Membrane Controls all cellular activities Stores and protects DNA Directions for making proteins in the DNA Every part of the cell depends on proteins to do their job.
Nuclear Membrane Protects the contents of the nucleus Contains Nuclear Pores: –Holes that allow ribosomes to pass through and enter into the cytoplasm Cytoplasm – clear fluid that is in the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth E. R Site for chemical reactions Makes lipids Has several folds of membranes surrounded in the cytoplasm Rough E.R Ribosomes in the cytoplasm attach to E.R. Carry out function of protein synthesis
Ribosomes Links Amino Acids together to make proteins Each protein has a particular job to do
Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Supplies energy to the cell Converts consumed food into usable energy ATP is the energy molecule produced
Golgi Apparatus Makes additional changes to proteins Packages proteins for storage Proteins are sorted and sent to the appropriate designation
Storage of Material Vacuoles Membrane bound spaces Stores materials such as: food, enzymes, and waste Many small ones in animals cells; one large one in plant cells Lysosomes Digestion of excess organelles, food particles and engulfed viruses & bacteria Prevent digestive enzymes inside from destroying the cell
Cell Wall Protective layer located outside of the plasma membrane Provides structure and support for plant cells Not contained in animal cells
Chloroplast Carry out photosynthesis Capture light energy and produce food to store for a later time
Organelle Review