Chapter 1 The Human Body – An Orientation

 Anatomy – Study of structure  Can be seen, felt and examined  Physiology – Function of body  How does it work?

 Gross (macroscopic) – Large body structures. Visible to naked eye.  Heart, lungs, kidneys.  Regional – Parts of one region examined  Abdomen

 Systemic – Studied by system  Cardiovascular  Surface – Study of internal body structure as they relate to overlying skin surface  Nurse checking for pulse

 Microscopic – Too small to see w/o aid of microscope  Cytology – study of cells  Histology – study of tissues

 Developmental – Changes in structure from conception to old age.  Embryology – study of developmental stages that occur before birth

 Pathological – Structural changes cause by disease  Radiographic – Study of internal structures visualized by X-rays or special scanning procedures (CT scan)  Molecular – Study of biochemical molecules; provides links b/w structure and function

 Renal – Urine production & kidney function  Neurophysiology – workings of nervous system  Cardiovascular – Operation of heart and blood vessels

 Structure always relates to function!!  Blood vessels

 Chemical – atoms  Cellular – cells  Tissue – groups of similar cells  Organ – Different types of tissues  Organ system – Different organs working together  Organismal – Organism

 ON YOUR OWN

 Maintaining Boundaries: Internal environment remains distinct from outside. Skin.  Movement: Muscular system, skeletal system. Movement of food stuffs, blood.

 Responsiveness: Irritability, sense changes (stimuli) in environment. Hot stove.  Digestion: Break down of foodstuffs to simple molecules  Metabolism: State of change. All chemical reactions of cells. Make ATP.

 Excretion: Remove excreta (wastes)  Reproduction: Cellular (mitosis) or organismal (sperm/egg)  Growth: Increase in size

 Nutrients: Taken in by diet – chemicals needed to make energy.  Oxygen: Must breathe; needed for maximum ATP production  Normal Body Temperature: 37 degrees Celsius (98.6). Too cold – slows metabolism, too hot – proteins become denatured

 Atmospheric Pressure: Necessary for breathing (gas exchange). High to low.  Homeostasis: Biological balance  Imbalances: Controlled by a feedback system

 Variable – What is being regulated  Receptor - Change detected by; sends information to control center via afferent pathway.

 Control Center – Determines set point (where is variable to be maintained at), analyzes situation and determines appropriate action  Effector – Means for control center to take action via efferent pathway.

 Negative Feedback: Not necessarily bad. Negative to original stimulus. Tries to slow down or stop.  Body Temp.

 Positive Feedback: Not necessarily good. Positive to original stimulus. Speeds up the reaction.  Blood clotting.

Chapter 1 Body Cavities and Membranes

 Cranial Cavity – Brain and Skull  Vertebral Cavity – Spinal Column

 More anterior than dorsal  Contains Viscera - internal organs  Divided into Thoracic and Abdominopelvic

 Thoracic – Superior portion  Ribs and muscles of chest  Composed of Pleural cavities (lateral, lungs), Mediastinum (medial) and Pericardial

 Thoracic cavity separated from abdominopelvic by the diaphragm.

 Abdominopelvic cavity divided into two parts: Abdominal and pelvic  Abdominal is superior; includes stomach, intestines, spleen and liver

 Pelvic is inferior and includes the bladder, reproductive organs and rectum

 Serous – Thin, double layer membrane  Parietal Serosa – Lines cavity walls  Visceral Serosa – Lines organs

 Serous Fluid – Thin, lubricating fluid b/w parietal serosa and visceral serosa  Allows organs to slide w/o friction

 Oral & Digestive – Mouth, teeth/tongue  Stomach, intestines, anus  Nasal – w/in & posterior to nose; respiratory organs

 Orbital – Eyes, hold them in anterior position  Middle Ear – Carved into temporal bone – lie medial to eardrum.  Tiny bones that transmit vibrations

 Synovial – Joint Cavities; synovial fluid helps reduce friction

 Umbilical – Centermost region; deep to and surrounding navel  Epigastric – Epi = upon, gastric = stomach.  Superior to umbilical

 Hypogastric – Hypo = below.  Inferior to umbilical  Rt and Lf Iliac – Lateral to hypogastric, each contain a hip bone

 Rt and Lf Lumbar – Lateral to umbilical  Rt and Lf Hypochondriac – Lateral to Epigastric.  Hypo = below, chondro = cartilage (in reference to ribs)