Chapter 27 Discussion and Review

Imperialism in China to 1914

The Trade Issue in China Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign traders. Prior to the 1800s, Chinese rulers placed strict limits on foreign traders. The Qing, did not consider the British a serious threat. The Qing, did not consider the British a serious threat. To the Qing, the British were geographically distant and uninterested in trade. To the Qing, the British were geographically distant and uninterested in trade. China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported. China enjoyed a trade surplus, exporting more than it imported. Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from the Chinese than they sold to them. Westerners had a trade deficit with China, buying more from the Chinese than they sold to them.

Internal Problems By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline. By the 1800s, the Qing dynasty was in decline. overpopulation overpopulation Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained Irrigation systems and canals were poorly maintained leading to massive flooding of the Huang He valley. leading to massive flooding of the Huang He valley. widespread official corruption added to the peasants’ burden. widespread official corruption added to the peasants’ burden. The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals. The civil service system was rocked by bribery scandals.

Opium trade and war Opium trade and war The only item that the British could find to exchange was opium. The only item that the British could find to exchange was opium. Ban on Opium Ban on Opium opium imports had long been banned by the Qing government, but seldom enforced. opium imports had long been banned by the Qing government, but seldom enforced. By 1839, due to the increase of drug-related problems, Qing begin enforcing the ban. By 1839, due to the increase of drug-related problems, Qing begin enforcing the ban. The British considered enforcement a restraint on trade and an assault on British economic well-being. The British considered enforcement a restraint on trade and an assault on British economic well-being. sent their naval and marine forces (gun boats) to China, to attack Chinese coastal cities sent their naval and marine forces (gun boats) to China, to attack Chinese coastal cities Chinese forces, Bannermen, who fought with traditional weapons were no match Chinese forces, Bannermen, who fought with traditional weapons were no match

China Pushed West 1842 Nanking Treaty “unequal treaties” opened way for foreign influence :Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan 1842 Nanking Treaty “unequal treaties” opened way for foreign influence :Britain, France, Germany, Russia, and Japan Britain received the largest “slice”! Britain received the largest “slice”! China paid a huge indemnity to Britain. China paid a huge indemnity to Britain. British rights of residence in Chinese “treaty ports British rights of residence in Chinese “treaty ports Granted extraterritoriality and most favored nation status Granted extraterritoriality and most favored nation status Hong Kong ( ) became a British colony Hong Kong ( ) became a British colony

The Taiping Rebellion Beginning in the Guangxi region, the rebellion was sparked by an unstable agricultural base and a declining economy Beginning in the Guangxi region, the rebellion was sparked by an unstable agricultural base and a declining economy Christian movement? Christian movement? led by Hong Xiuquan, who saw himself as a younger brother of Jesus, destined to drive the Qing from China. led by Hong Xiuquan, who saw himself as a younger brother of Jesus, destined to drive the Qing from China. Strategy Strategy Used different ethnic and economic groups to fight against the Qing. Used different ethnic and economic groups to fight against the Qing. used of women in warrior brigades used of women in warrior brigades Controlled Controlled the countryside and captured the city of Nanjing, where they barricaded themselves against imperial forces during a ten-year siege. the countryside and captured the city of Nanjing, where they barricaded themselves against imperial forces during a ten-year siege.

European Reactions to the Taiping rebellion European Reactions to the Taiping rebellion A Christian movement? A Christian movement? Europeans later concluded that the Taipings were not true Christians. Europeans later concluded that the Taipings were not true Christians. Europe to the rescue? Europe to the rescue? When the Crimean War was ended in 1856, Britain and France were free to turn their attention to China. When the Crimean War was ended in 1856, Britain and France were free to turn their attention to China. briefly attacked Qing port cities as punishment for Qing reluctance to fulfill the obligations of previous treaties briefly attacked Qing port cities as punishment for Qing reluctance to fulfill the obligations of previous treaties With European help, the Taiping Rebellion was suppressed by 2864 With European help, the Taiping Rebellion was suppressed by 2864

Fall of the Qing Dynasty Boxer Rebellion Boxer Rebellion angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China. angry Chinese attacked foreigners across China. In response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers. In response, western powers and Japan crushed the Boxers. Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of reforms. Defeat at the hands of foreigners led China to embark on a rush of reforms. Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic. Chinese nationalists called for a constitutional monarchy or a republic. In 1911China becomes a Republic with Sun Yutsen as its leader. In 1911China becomes a Republic with Sun Yutsen as its leader.

Tokagawa Japan Japan closed its borders to foreigners and prohibited the Japanese travel abroad. Why? Japan closed its borders to foreigners and prohibited the Japanese travel abroad. Why? inability to resist invasions inability to resist invasions Problems caused by decentralization Problems caused by decentralization Unable to strengthen its finances and military. Unable to strengthen its finances and military. Decline of the Shogunate Decline of the Shogunate Commodore William Perry forces Japan to open trade in 1853 with the U.S. Commodore William Perry forces Japan to open trade in 1853 with the U.S. shogunate agreed to sign an unequal treaty Kanagawa with the United States in 1858 shogunate agreed to sign an unequal treaty Kanagawa with the United States in 1858

Meiji Restoration ( ) Their motto “ A rich country, a strong military.” Their motto “ A rich country, a strong military.” centralized and efficient national government and restored political power to the emperor. centralized and efficient national government and restored political power to the emperor. Reforms (Western models) Reforms (Western models) in education, military, and industrial expansion in education, military, and industrial expansion Within decades, Japan became a world naval power. Within decades, Japan became a world naval power.

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire By the early 1800s, the Ottoman empire faced serious challenges. By the early 1800s, the Ottoman empire faced serious challenges. Ideas of nationalism weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire. Ideas of nationalism weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire. Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians Serbia and Greece had won independence in the early 1800s. Serbia and Greece had won independence in the early 1800s. The Balkans

Tanzimat (restructuring) Reforms guaranteed political rights but restricted to men and the public sphere. guaranteed political rights but restricted to men and the public sphere. right to public trials, equal protection under the law for all religious persuasions, education reform and new tax collection methods, which eliminated the outdated tax farming system. right to public trials, equal protection under the law for all religious persuasions, education reform and new tax collection methods, which eliminated the outdated tax farming system. Janissaries were the most persistent opponent to change Janissaries were the most persistent opponent to change Effects of the reform on women Effects of the reform on women Decreased their status; seclusion of women symbolized Turkish nativism and Muslim tradition Decreased their status; seclusion of women symbolized Turkish nativism and Muslim tradition Overall effect Overall effect Europeans Europeans Benefited from Extraterritoriality Benefited from Extraterritoriality Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire became a leader in secular reforms within the Islamic world became a leader in secular reforms within the Islamic world The reforms helped modernize the empire. The reforms helped modernize the empire.

What were the causes of the Crimean War ( )? Russia Russia Russia exploited the weakness of the Ottoman empire. Russia exploited the weakness of the Ottoman empire. Claimed to protect Christians Claimed to protect Christians In 1805, It forced the Ottomans to accede to Serbian independence by threatening to intervene In 1805, It forced the Ottomans to accede to Serbian independence by threatening to intervene Britain and France to the rescue? Britain and France to the rescue? joined the Ottomans in an invasion of the Russian territory of Crimea. joined the Ottomans in an invasion of the Russian territory of Crimea. Defeated the Russians and thus blocked Russian expansion into Eastern Europe and Middle east Defeated the Russians and thus blocked Russian expansion into Eastern Europe and Middle east Significance of the Crimean War Significance of the Crimean War Marked the transition to modern warfare (trench warfare, machine guns, grenades, etc.) Marked the transition to modern warfare (trench warfare, machine guns, grenades, etc.)