The Appendicular Skeleton Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pectoral girdle Pelvic girdle Limbs (appendages)

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two bones: Scapula: aka-shoulder blade posterior component kept in positioned by complex muscular attachments Clavicle: aka- collarbone- anterior component receives forces from the upper extremity. (most broken bone in the body.)

Bones of the Upper Limb Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The upper arm is formed by a single bone Humerus

Bones of the Upper Limb Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The forearm has two bones Ulna Radius

Bones of the Upper Limb Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The hand Carpals – wrist Metacarpals – palm Phalanges – fingers

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Composed of three pairs of fused bones Ilium Ischium Pubis Acetabulum - cavity at the base of the hipbone into which the ball-shaped head of the femur fits The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis Protects 1.Reproductive organs 2.Urinary bladder 3.Part of the large intestine

Gender Differences of the Pelvis Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bones of the Lower Limbs Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The thigh has one bone Femur

Bones of the Lower Limbs Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The leg has two bones Tibia Fibula

Bones of the Lower Limbs Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The foot Talus– ankle Metatarsals – sole Phalanges – toes Calcaneus- heel

Common Types of Fractures Simple- closed fracture (8-12 wks to heal) bone breaks cleanly; no penetration Compound- bone penetrates through skin Comminuted- bone fragments into many pieces; aged or brittle bones Compression- bone is crushed Spiral- excessive twisting of bone Oblique- bone is broken diagonally to the axis of the bone. Usually treated by realignment

ObliqueComminutedSpiralCompound

Depressed- broken bone portion is depressed inward Impacted- broken bone ends are forced into each other Greenstick- bone breaks incompletely

Steps in Bone Repair

A disease that thins and weakens the bones to the point that they become fragile and break easily.