Pelvic Girdle-Lower Limbs p  Pelvic Girdle  Consists of two coxal bones that articulate with each other anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly.  Saccrum, Coccyx, and Pelvic Girdle form Pelvis

Coxal Bone  Consists of:  Ilium  Ischium  Pubis  Fused in the region of acetabulum

Ilium  Largest portion of coxal bone  Joins the sacrum at the sacroiliac joint

Ischium  Lowest portion of the coxal bone  Supports the body weight when sitting

Pubis  Anterior portion of the coxal bone  Fused anteriorly at the symphysis pubis

Lower Limb  Provide frameworks for the thigh, leg and foot  Consists of:  Femur  Tibia  Fibula  Foot

Femur  Extends from hip to the knee  Largest bone in body  Patella articulates with its anterior surface

Tibia  Located on the medial side of leg  Articulates with the talus of the ankle

Fibula  Located on the lateral side of the tibia  Articulates with the ankle, but does not bear body weight

Foot  Consists of:  Ankle  Instep  Five toes  Includes:  7 tarsals  5 metatarsals  14 phalanges

Ankle=Tarus  Contains:  Calcaneus  Talus  Navicular  Medial cuneiform  Intermendiate cuneiform  Lateral cuneiform  Cuboid

Metatarsals  Consists of:  Metatarsals 1-5

Phalanges  Same as fingers  Big toe has two phalanx  All others have 3  Proximal, Middle, and Distal

Joints p  Classified on basis of the amount of movement they make  3 types  Immovable  Slightly Movable  Freely Movable

Immovable Joints  Bones are in close contact  Separated by a thin layer of fibrous tissue of cartilage  Similar to that of a suture  No active movements are possible by these joints

Slightly Movable Joints  Connected by disks of fibrocartilage or by ligaments  Example: vertebrae  Limit the amount of movement

Freely Movable Joints  Bones are fee to move  Covered by hyaline cartilage and held together by fibrous capsule  Capsule consists of an outer layer of ligaments and an inner lining of synovial membrane  Bursae are often located between the skin and underlying bony prominences

Freely Movable Joints  Examples:  Ball and socket  Condyloid  Gliding  Hinge  Pivot  saddle

Types of Joint Movements  Movement of synovial joints are produced by muscles that are fastened on either side of joint by tendons.  Movements include:  Flexion/extension  Dorsiflexion/plantar flexion  Hyperextension  Abduction/adduction  Rotation/circumduction  Pronation/supination  Eversion/inversion  Retratcion/protraction  Elevation/depression

Flexion-Extension  Flexion: bending parts so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together.  Extension: straightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart.

Dorsiflexion-Plantar Flexion  Dorsiflexion-flexing the foot at the angle toward the shin (bending foot upward)  Plantar Flexion: flexing the foot at the ankle toward the sole (bending the foot downward)

Hyperextension  Excessive extension of the parts at a joint, beyond the normal range of motion (elbow or knee)

Abduction-Adduction  Abduction-moving a part away from the midline  Adduction-moving a part toward the midline

Rotation-Circumduction  Rotation-moving a part around an axis (twisting head from side to side)  Circumduction-moving a part so that its end follows a circular path (moving finger in circular motion without moving hand)

Pronation-Supination  Pronation: turning the hand so that the palm is downward or turning the foot so that the medial margin is lowered  Supination: Turning the hand so that the palm is upward or turning the foot so that the medial margin is raised.

Eversion-Inversion  Eversion: turning the foot so that the sole is outward  Inversion: turning the foot so that the sole is inward

Retraction-Protraction  Retraction: Moving a part backward (pulling the chin backward)  Protraction: Moving a part forward (thruting the chin forward)

Elevation-Depression  Elevation: raising a part (shrugging the shoulders)  Depression: lowering a part (drooping the shoulders)