Social Revolutions explode Russia – Tsar forced to create national assembly Reformers overthrow Sultan in 1908 New technologies more destructive Violence leads to communism and fascism

Each ethnic group should have its own nation Promote nations interests and assert as superior Rivalries b/w France, Germany, Austria- Hungary New independent nations in Balkans – where Ottomans once ruled Ethnic groups wanted own nation-state, threat to break up Austro-Hungarian Empire

Power = possession of overseas colonies Competition created tension b/w powers 1900 – Britain ruled 1/4 of world German industrialization threat to GB economic supremacy Russia interest in Balkans threat to A-H and Turkey

Military values and goals take over civilian society Kings wore military uniforms Generals influence government GB and Germany compete to build powerful navy Pressure to mobilize and act quickly Took time to assemble and move armies on railroads, leaders attacked first

Two Large Alliances in Europe Triple Alliance – Germany, A-H, Italy Triple Entente – Russia, France and G.B. (US later) Any dispute b/w any two countries drag all other in

Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassinated Austrian leaders believed Serbians helped a Slav terrorist group (Black Hand) A-H invaded Serbia, Russia entered to protect Serbia, Germany entered to protect obligations to Austria G.B. and France entered to help Russia Italy refused to join since A-H attacked first

Avoiding two front war, Germany tried to take Paris before Russia entered war US President Woodrow Wilson urged Americans to remain neutral

Machine gun, poison gas, submarines, airplanes Easier to defend position than attack Trench warfare – dug ditches to create fort positions Separated by fields of barbed wire and mines (no man’s land) Neither side could advance, fighting became stationary German subs (U-Boats) attacked large ships

US sent supplies to G.B. and France, German sub attacked ships U-Boat sank a passenger ship, Lusitania US enters war Wilson Fourteen Points – redraw Europe map, each nationality gets own state, freedom of the seas, end to secret diplomacy, and create League of Nations

Used by Governments to influence public opinion Built up nationalism “War will be over by Christmas”

Total War- complete mobilization of resources and people Government powers expand DORA Act passed- protestors = traitors Women’s role drastically increased Began fight for women’s rights

Germany surrenders 1918 Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles – peace with Germany Peace Terms 1. Germany’s Territorial Loss – Independent Poland created, lost territory in France, Poland and overseas 2. Germany lost navy, army size reduced, pay reparations to Allies for starting war 3. A-H Empire divided into new national states, Turkey lost territory in Middle East 4. League of Nations formed to defend each other against aggressors, weakened when US and Russian failed to join