Your turn: Use the following ions to make as many compounds as you can. You may use page 169 of your text book. sodium calcium aluminum ammonium chloride oxide hydroxide phosphide phosphate Cl 1- O 2- (OH) 1- P 3- PO 4 3- (NH 4 ) 3 PAlPCa 3 P 2 Na 3 PP 3- Al(OH) 3 Ca(OH) 2 NaOH(OH) 1- (NH 4 ) 2 OAl 2 O 3 O 2- NaClCl 1- NH 4 1+ Al 3+ Ca 2+ Na + CaCl 2 AlCl 3 NH 4 Cl Na 2 OCaO NH 4 OH

Your turn: Use the following ions to make as many compounds as you can. You may use page 169 of your text book. potassium magnesium Gallium Lithium chloride oxide hydroxide phosphide phosphate Cl 1- O 2- (OH) 1- P 3- PO 4 3- Li 3 PGaPMg 3 P 2 K3PK3PP 3- Ga(OH) 3 Mg(OH) 2 KOH(OH) 1- Li 2 OGa 2 O 3 O 2- KClCl 1- Li 1+ Ga 3+ Mg 2+ K+K+ MgCl 2 GaCl 3 LiCl K 2 OMgO LiOH

Lets picture what happens Na + + Cl - are attracted to each other. Na + and O 2- are attracted to each other. Na + Cl - O 2- Na +

Study For Finals What is Chemistry? What are the branches of Chemistry. Describe: Chemistry is a physical science, where we learn about matter and its changes. Organic Inorganic Biochemistry Analytical Physical Chemistry Organic = Carbon compounds Inorganic = Other compounds Biochemistry= Biological Molecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, Cofactors or coenzymes,….) Analytical = finding unknowns (like in a drug lab for forensics) Physical Chemistry = mathematics, study of subatomic particles, study of physical properties of fluids,….

What are physical properties? Physical changes? Physical properties describe how things look, feel, … –color –density –size –boiling point –melting point – etc. Physical changes describe reversible changes,… –melting –boiling –ripping –mixing –…..

What are chemical properties? Chemical changes? Chemical properties are the expected behaviors of substances –reactivity –stability –Can only be observed by changing the identity of the substance Chemical changes are the actual occurrence of the change –oxygen reacts with iron to produce rust –zinc reacts with acid to make hydrogen and a zinc salt.

Homogeneous and heterogeneous? Homogeneous means the same throughout. –solutions –pure substances. elements compounds ionic compounds Heterogeneous means having different phases –mixtures (only) –you can see particles in this, it may scatter light as in Tyndall effect (Earth Science)

Theories must be: Laws are: Testable – if you cannot test a theory, it is not a theory! Theories can be supported – not proven! Laws are generalizations of known facts –often are expressed as mathematical expressions.

Density calculations use what formula? When do you multiply, when do you divide? D = mass/volume mass = DV V = mass/D Multiply to find mass Divide to find volume or density. Always divide denominator, always multiply numerator!

What are the units of the following quantities? MASS VOLUME DENSITY HEAT SPECIFIC HEAT TEMPERATURE GRAMS, g mL, cm 3, dm 3,L … g/L, mg/mL, kg/dm 3 Joules J/g o C o C or kelvin

#25 What is the density of a piece of cork that has a mass of 0.650g and a volume of 2.71cm 3 ? Step 2: Plan how to solve the problem D =? D = mass  volume Mass = g Volume = 2.71 cm 3 Substitute numbers for symbols and press buttons on your calculator.

26.Barium Perchlorate has a density of 2.74g/cm 3. What is the mass ? of 27.2 cm 3 of this substance? M = DV Density = 2.74 g/cm 3 Volume = 27.2 cm 3 Mass = (2.74 g/cm 3 )(27.2 cm 3 ) Mass = 74.5 g Does this make sense? What happened to the cm 3 ?

List the postulates of Dalton’s Atomic Theory. Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms. All atoms of a given element are identical. All atoms of a given element are different from the atoms of other elements. Atoms can combine with each other(in small whole number ratios) to form different compounds. (ex: NO, NO 2, N 2 O) Atoms are indivisible.

Whose experiment found the charge to mass ratio of electrons? Millikan

What discovery led to the change from all atoms of the same element are identical, to all atoms of the same element are chemically identical? The discovery of isotopes.

What are isotopes? Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. They have different masses, but the same chemical properties.

If an element has 15 protons, list its atomic number and symbol Atomic number 15, P If an element has a mass of 32, and 15 protons, name the isotope. How many electrons does this substance have? How many neutrons? P- 32 also written as 32 P P has 15 electrons and = 17 neutrons. 15

Which law does this illustrate? Who discovered it? The Law of Conservation of Matter, discovered by Lavoisier.

Which law does this illustrate? Who is credited with this Law. The Law of Multiple proportions. Dalton.