1 Medical Terminology Essentials - Chapter 12 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2 After studying this chapter you will be able to: Name the parts of the blood & lymph systems and discuss the function of each part. Define combining forms used in building words that relate to the blood & lymph systems. Name the common signs, symptoms & diseases Name the common Medical, S urgical and Diagnostic procedures

3 Structure and Function Blood Transports nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to all parts of the body Helps maintain stability of the body’s fluid volume Transports waste products away from body cells

4 Blood Composition Fluid Portion Plasma consisting of: water proteins salts nutrients vitamins hormones Cellular Portion Blood cells consisting of: red blood cells white blood cells platelets NOTE: If some proteins and blood cells were removed from plasma the remaining fluid would be called Serum.

5 Red Blood Cells Also known as erythrocytes Produced in the bone marrow in response to erythropoietin Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that is essential to the transport of oxygen Average red blood cells in a cubic millimeter of blood Male = 4.6 to 6.4 million Female = 4.2 to 5.4 million

6 Leukocytes Also known as white blood cells Function to destroy foreign substances Two main groups are: Granulocytes and Agranulocytes Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Monocytes Lymphocytes Also known as thrombocytes Live for about 10 days Assist in blood clotting

7 Blood Types Blood typing is based on the presence of antigens and antibodies. Blood Types A, B, AB, O People with type O blood can donate to all other types and are called universal donors. Individuals with type AB are called universal recipients.

8 Combining Forms (agglutin) Combining FormMeaning agglutin (o) eosino erythr (o) hemat (o) leuk (o) phag (o) thromb (o) agglutinin eosinophil red blood white eating, devouring blood clot

9 Dyscrasia is a general term for any disease of the blood with abnormal material present. Anemia General term for a condition in which red blood cells do not transport enough oxygen to the tissues. Causes may be related to a low number of cells or due to a low amount of hemoglobin Hemophilia Hereditary disorder in which there is a lack of the clotting factor VIII

10 Hemophilia Thrombocytopenia Bleeding disorder with a lack of platelets Low number of all blood cells erythropenia Low number of red blood cells poikilocytosis Irregularly shaped red blood cells hemochromatosis Hereditary disorder that causes excessive iron to build up in the blood

11 Common Blood Analyses complete blood count -common screen for basic medical checkup erythrocyte sedimentation rate -measures rate at which red blood cells fall through plasma hematocrit -measures packed red blood cells in a sample hemoglobin -measures level of hemoglobin in the blood

12 Common Blood Analyses blood chemistry -tests plasma for various substances such as glucose and electrolytes blood culture -tests a blood specimen in a culture to identify the presence of microorganisms white blood cell differential -tests number and types of leukocytes prothrombin time -tests for coagulation defects

13 Surgical Terms Common Procedures Bone Marrow Biopsy Needle is inserted into the bone marrow cavity and bone marrow is removed for analysis Bone Marrow Transplant Performed for serious conditions such as leukemia Donor bone marrow is inserted into the patient’s bone marrow

14 Medical Terminology Essentials - Chapter 13

15 Lymphatic Organs and Structures Lymphatic Structures Lymph A fluid containing: -water & sugars -white blood cells, protein, salts & waste Lymph Vessels Carry lymph within the lymphatic system Lymph capillaries are the smallest of the lymph vessels Lymph Nodes Specialized organs that produce lymphocytes Filter harmful substances from the tissues Contain macrophages that devour foreign substances Lymphocytes produce antibodies that fight disease Antigens also fight disease by stimulating an immune response in other cells

16 Organs of the Lymphatic System Spleen - largest lymphatic organ -located in upper left portion of the abdominal cavity -filters foreign material from the blood -destroys old red blood cells -activates lymphocytes Thymus Gland - soft gland with two lobes -larger during infancy and childhood -contains important cells called thymocytes -T cells - lymphocytes provide immunity -thymosin aids with T cell movement

17 Combining Forms & Abbreviations (aden) Combining FormMeaning aden (o) immun (o) lymph (o) lymphaden (o) lymphangi (o) splen (o) thym (o) tox (o) gland immunity lymph lymph nodes lymphatic vessels spleen thymus poison

18 Pathological Terms Diseases of the lymph and immune system that flourish are those diseases which suppress the immune response. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is the most widespread immunosuppresive disease. Hodgkin’s Lymphoma A type of lymph cancer that appears in early adulthood and the cause or origin is uncertain Involves the lymph nodes and spleen Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma A type of cancer of the lymph nodes in which some of the cells resemble healthy cells Usually appears during mid-life Malignant cells resemble large lymphocytes

19 Non-malignant Diseases Sarcoidosis Inflammatory condition that can affect lung functioning Infectious Mononucleosis Also called the kissing disease An acute infectious disease caused by the Epstein-Barr virus Swollen lymph nodes are a common symptom

20 Allergy Facts Allergies are due to the production of the IgE antibodies against an allergen Hypersensitivity increases as exposure increases Anaphylaxis may occur which is life-threatening if the allergy is severe Autoimmune Diseases Conditions in which the body’s immune system turns against its own healthy tissue Examples Lupus, Scleroderma & Rheumatoid Arthritis

21 CT Scans are used frequently to diagnose abnormalities of the lymph organs Blood tests that indicate the number and condition of the white blood cells are used in diagnosing lymph and immune system diseases

22 Surgical Terms Cancer of the lymph system may require a lymph-node dissection. lymph-node dissection - removal of a lymph node lymphadenotomy -incision into a lymph node splenectomy -removal of the spleen thymectomy -removal of the thymus gland

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