Bryan Ferguson –Level II Avalanche Safety –Level III Avalanche Forecaster American Avalanche Institute, Inc.

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Presentation transcript:

Bryan Ferguson –Level II Avalanche Safety –Level III Avalanche Forecaster American Avalanche Institute, Inc.

Objectives Avalanche avoidance Survival Rescue Spark interest Question authority

Alaska Maritime ranges & glacial seracs Inner-continental mountain range Colorado

Schema A day out - A sequence of events

Avalanche! Factors: Terrain Slope aspect Signs Terrain traps Weather Snow fall Wind Temperatures Snow pack Dynamic Evaluation Human Decisions Equipment Rescue

Terrain Factor

Terrain and Signs 5 slides

Route selection 1 Mt of the Holy Cross Quad

Route selection 2 Mt of the Holy Cross Quad

Weather Factor

Weather Snow fall Wind Prevailing Westerly Air temperatures

Snowpack Factor Avalanche Video

Evaluating the Snow Pack 7 slides Bed surface Hasty pits Data pits Assessing snow pack

Slab Avalanches

Maritime v. Intercontinental range Rockies - instability within snow pack tends to increase over time Slab avalanches Release Out skiing? Video Video Overview of Avalanches

Data pits Data pits provide professionals with time line data to aid in avalanche forecasting Snow Pack

Hasty pits Hasty pits let you see into the snow pack Evaluate: Bond between layers - AKA bed surfaces Temperature gradient - TG Dig to the ground in Colorado and other inner continental mountain ranges Snow Pack

Slides occur when the bond anchoring a slab to the bed surface releases A bed surface may be the ground or another layer within the snow pack…or a roof Bed surface Snow Pack

More hasty pits Temperature gradient =In snow pack (recalcitrant) Kinetic growth form crystals +1º in 10cm = TG Snow Pack

Assessing Snow Pack 1 slide How easily do slabs slide on bed surfaces? Rueschblock test Shovel shear and shovel tap tests

Human Factor Rider Video

Resources and Equipment Books CAIC AAI AAA Gear

Plan Route selection Gear selection Partners Skill set The Plan

Knowledge and decision making = responsibility Responsibility for others You are your friend’s only hope!

Plan What’s the goal/risk relationship? Does everyone agree? Weather history

Gear check Weather Contingency plan Compromise? Lead In Time

Gear selection Light and fast Safety equipment

Partners and group’s skills Skill, commitment, training and fitness

The day of…

Rescue & Survival 1 slide

If you are caught

If your friend is caught

First aid skills Half of all who die in avalanches, die of trauma Half die from asphyxiation CRP & WFR ABCDEs Airway Breathing Circulation Deformity Environment Prepare for Tx: Trauma Asphyxiation Hypothermia Shock

VIDEO Riders Avalanches