'kklu,oa vU; {ks=ksa esa lkaf[;dh foKku dh mi;ksfxrk,oa egRo] leadks ds izdkj] laxzg.k dh fof/k;kW] oxhZdj.k,oa izLrqrhdj.k MkW-,l- egkys la;qDr lapkyd

lkaf[;dh dk ifjp;] ifjHkk"kk,oa mi;ksfxrk izkphu dky ls gh ;g foKku ekuo thou ds fy, vko';d cu x;k FkkA yxHkx lHkh lH;,oa mUur'khy ns'kksz esa lkaf[;dh leadks dk iz;ksx gksrk FkkA

lkaf[;dh leadks dh ifjHkk"kk lead ls gekjk vfHkizk; rF;ksa ds mu lewgks ls gS] tks vxf.kr dkj.kksa ls i;kZIr lhek rd izHkkfor gksrs gS] tks la[;kvksa esa O;Dr fd;s tkrs gS],oa mfpr ek=k dh 'kq)rk ds vuqlkj fxus ;k vuqekfur fd;s tkrs gS] fdlh iwoZ fuf'pr mn~ns'; ds fy;s,d O;ofLFkr <+ax ls,d= fd;s tkrs gS vkSj ftUgsa,d nwljs ls lacaf/kr :i esa izLrqr fd;k tkrk gSA

lkaf[;dh leadks ds eq[; y{k.k  lead rF;ksa ds lewg gSA  os la[;k esa O;Dr fd;s tkrs gSA  os fofo/k dkj.kksa ls i;kZIr lhek rd izHkkfor gksrs gSA  vkWdM+ks ds laxzg.k esa mfpr ek=k dh 'kq)rk gksuh pkfg,A  laxzg.k fdlh iwoZ fuf'pr mn~ns'; ds fy, gksuk pkfg,A  vkWdM+s,d nwljs ls lacaf/kr :i esa izLrqr fd;s tkus ;ksX; gksus pkfg,A  vkWdM+s O;ofLFkr :i ls ladfyr fd;s tkus pkfg,A  leadks dks x.kuk }kjk ;k vuqeku }kjk,d= fd;k tkrk gSA

lkaf[;dh foKku dh ifjHkk"kk lkaf[;dh,d foKku vkSj dyk gS tks lkekftd] vkfFkZd] izkd`frd o vU; leL;kvksa ls lacaf/kr leadks ds laxzg.k (Collection) oxhZdj.k (Classiti Cation) lkj.kh;u (Tabulation) izLrqrhdj.k] (Presentation ) laca/kLFkkiu] (Corelation) fuokZpu (Interpretation) vkSj iwokZuqeku (Forcasting) ls laca/k j[krh gS rkfd fu/kkZfjr y{;ksa dh iwfrZ gks ldsA

lkaf[;dh dh lhek,a % (Limitation)  lkaf[;dh O;fDrxr bdkb;ksa dk v/;;u ugh djrh gSA  lkaf[;dh ds ifj.kke vlR; fl) gks ldrs gSA ;fn mudk v/;;u fcuk lanHkZ ds fd;k tk,A  lkaf[;dh fdlh leL;k ds dsoy la[;kRed Lo:i dk v/;;u dj ldrh gSA  lkaf[;dh; leadks esa,d:irk vkSj ltkrh;rk gksuk vko';d gSA  lkaf[;dh ds fu;e nh/kZdky esa rFkk vkSlr :i esa lR; gksrs gSA  lkaf[;dh; jhfr fdlh leL;k ds v/;;u dh,d ek= jhfr ugh gksrh gSA  lkaf[;dh dk mfpr iz;ksx mldh iz.kkfy;ksa dks Bhd rjg tkuus okyk O;fDr gh dj ldrk gSA  lkaf[;dh dsoy lk/ku izLrqr djrh gS] lek/kku ughA

mi;qZDr foospu ls Li"V gS fd lkaf[;dh; jhfr;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs le; mldh lhekvksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk vko';d gSA vU;Fkk leadks ls Hkzeiw.kZ fu"d"kZ fudy ldrs gSA Hkzeiw.kZ fu"d"kZ vkxs pydj lkaf[;dh foKku ij lansg ds dkj.k gksrs gSA

lkaf[;dh dk (Importance of Statistics)  lkaf[;dh ekuo le`f) dk xf.kr gSA  fu;kstu ds fy, vfuok;Z  'kklu izca/k esa lgk;dA  O;olk; vkSj okf.kT; esa lgk;d  lkaf[;dh dh lkoZHkkSfed mi;ksfxrkA

leadks dk laxzg.k laxzg.k ds fopkj ls lead nks izdkj ds gksrs gS %  izkFkfed lead % os vkWdM+s gS] ftUgsa vuqla/kku djus okyk vius iz;ksx esa ykus ds fy, igyh ckj bdV~Bk djrk gSA  f}rh;d lead % os lead gS] ftudk ladyu igys ls fdlh vU; O;fDr ;k laLFkk }kjk fd;k tk pqdk gS] vkSj vuqla/kkudRrkZ mUgsa gh vius iz;ksx esa ykrk gSA

izkFkfed leadks dks,d= djus dh jhfr;ka  izR;{k O;fDrxr vuqla/kkuA  vizR;{k ekSf[kd vuqla/kkuA  LFkkuh; L=ksrks ;k laoknnkrkvksa }kjk lwpuk izkfIrA  lwpuk nsus okyksa }kjk vuqlwfp;ksa dks Hkjuk A  izx.kdksa }kjk vuqlwfp;ksa dks HkjukA

f}rh; lkexzh dks,d= djus dh jhfr;kW ¼d½ izdkf'kr L=ksr  vUrZjk"V ª h; izdk'kuA  ljdkjh izdk'kuA  v)Z ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds izdk'kuA  vk;ksx o lfefr;ksa dh fjiksVZA  O;kikfjd laLFkkvksa }kjkA  vuqla/kku laLFkkvksa }kjkA  i= if=dkvksa }kjkA  O;fDrvksa }kjkA  la?kks o laxBuksa }kjkA ¼[k½ vizdkf'kr L=ksr

lkaf[;dh vuqla/kku dh lax.kuk vkSj fun'kZu jhfr;kW  lax.kuk (Census Method)  fun'kZu jhfr (Sample Method)

lax.kuk % tc vuqla/kku ds fo"k; ls lacaf/kr lexz ;k lewg dh izR;sd bdkbZ dk i;Zos{k.k fd;k tkrk gS rks og lexz ;k lax.kuk vuqla/kku dgyk;sxkA fun'kZu vuqla/kku Sample Inenuiry % tc leLr lewg dh tkWp u djds lEiw.kZ esa ls fdlh fof'k"V vk/kkj ij U;kn'kZ ds :i esa FkksM+k lk Hkkx tkWp ds fy, fy;k tkrk gS mls fun'kZ] ckuxh] uewuk ;k izfrfuf/k va'k dgrs gSA

leaadks dk oxhZdj.k rFkk lkj.kh;u oxhZdj.k (Classification) % oxhZdj.k esa vkWdM+ks dks fdlh xq.k ds vk/kkj ij leku o vleku dj vyx&vyx oxksZ esa ckWV fn;k tkrk gSA lkj.kh;u % oxhZdj.k ds i'pkr~ mls lkj.kh;ksa esa iznf'kZr fd;k tkrk gSA

Hkkjr,oa e/;izns'k esa lkaf[;dh iz.kkyh

/kU;okn