Adapting to the Environment

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 1 Asexual reproduction : reproduction that does not involve the union of sex cells and in which a single parent produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. Ex. sea star and hydra. Budding: when part of the parent pinches off and forms a new organism. Fragmentation: part of the organism breaks off and the new part generate to form a new organism. ii/reproduction/asexual-reproduction.php ii/reproduction/asexual-reproduction.php

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 1 Sexual reproduction : reproduction in which sex cells from two parents unite to produce offspring that share traits from both parents Usually requires two parents---male and female. Female produces eggs Male produces sperm Fertilized egg is called a zygote The joining of the egg and sperm is called fertilization Genetic information is found in the genes Genes are located on chromosomes Combination of genes allows for variations within a population

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 1 External fertilization : the union of sex cells outside the bodies of the parents. Ex fish, frogs, a lot of aquatic animals. Internal fertilization : fertilization of an egg by sperm that occurs inside the body of the female. Reptiles, birds, mammals.

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 1 All mammals reproduce sexually. All mammals nurture their young with milk. Three types Monotreme: mammals that lay eggs. Eggs incubate and hatch. Young use milk that oozes from pores on mothers belly. Ex. platypuses Marsupial: give birth to partially developed live young. Most marsupials have pouches where the young continue to develop. Ex. opossum—only native marsupial to North America. Kangaroo also. Placental mammal: are nourished inside their mothers body before birth—more developed than the previous two before birth. Humans bats, armadillos.

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 2 Plants have two stages in their life cycle—the sporophyte and gametophyte. Sporophyte stage: plants make spores, which is a reproductive cell, which grows (divide) into a gametophyte. Diploid-both sets of chromosomes. Gametophyte: female gametophyte produce eggs and male gametophytes produce sperm. Must unite to sexually reproduce. Haploid-one set of chromosomes.

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 2 Nonvascular plants: mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. During sporophyte stage they produce a large number of spores—greater the number the greater the chance. Spores can be carried by wind or water. Gametophyte must be covered with water for fertilization to occur. When covered with water sperm swims to the egg. Gametophyte stage is dominate: Female reproductive organ is called archegonium-produces eggs. Male reproductive organ is called antheridium—produces sperm. Sperm swim to egg—water needs to be present. When sperm and egg unite it forms a sporophyte but it quickly divides by meiosis to produce haploid spores.

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 2 Seedless vascular plants: have tissues that deliver materials from one part of the plant to another part of the plant. Also produce a lot of spores. Sperm and egg often produced on same plant. Ex. Ferns Sporophyte is the dominate stage. Also have an antheridium and archegonium. Still needs water to reproduce. Sperm will often swim.

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 2 Reproduction in seed plants: Gymnosperms: most have reproductive structures called cones. Has two types of cones, male and female cones. Female cones produce eggs while male cones produce sperm. Wind transfers pollen from male to female cones. Produce uncovered seeds. Ex. pine trees and conifers. The egg develops into a seed and eventually a young plant. Pollination: the transfer of pollen from the male reproductive structures to the female structures of seed plants. Angiosperms: produce covered seeds: plants that have flowers, trees, grasses, etc. Its an angiosperm if the ovary surrounding the ovule becomes a fruit.

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 2 Gymnosperms and Angiosperms: Sporophyte generation is dominate Produce two types of spores Megaspores: female gametophyte Microspores: male gametophyte They develop into sperm and egg.

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 2 Reproduction in seed plants: Angiosperms: Gametophytes develop within flowers. Pollen is produced in the male reproductive structure called anthers. Pollination occurs when pollen is moved from anthers to stigmas. Stigmas are female reproductive structures in flowers. Pollen is moved from flower to flower by wind or animals. After pollen lands on the stigma a pollen tube grows through the style to an ovule. Ovule are found inside the ovary—each one contains an egg. Pg. 75 and 76

Stamen = male Anther Filament Pistil = female Stigma Style Ovary Ovule

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 2 After fertilization in an angiosperm the ovule develops into a seed. The ovary surrounding the ovule becomes fruit. Fruit will swell and ripen to protect the seeds. Helps spread b/c many fruits are edible. Other methods of reproduction: asexually— Plantlets: tiny plants grow along the edge of a plants leaves. These plantlets grow and fall off on their own. Tubers: underground stems—potato. Runners: above ground stems from which new plants grow—strawberry.

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 3  Innate behavior: an inherited behavior that does not depend on the environment or experience. Dog swimming or sea turtles hatching and moving to the sea.  Learned behavior: a behavior that has been learned from experience. Speaking in English or playing the piano.  Predators: animals that eat other animals.  Prey: the animal being eaten.

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 3  Territory: an area that is occupied by one animal or a group of animals that do not allow other members of the species to enter. Animals use their territories for mating, raising young, and finding food.  Defensive actions: protect resources like territories, food, young, etc. from other animals. Ex. dog growling over food. Bird acting injured, camouflage.

Courtship: It is a way to find mates or mate. Build nests, do dances, or make songs or noise. ew=detail&mid=8D05E68F19F4E976738D8D05E68F19F4E976738D ew=detail&mid=8D05E68F19F4E976738D8D05E68F19F4E976738D Seasonal behaviors: Migration: animals travel where food is, to reproduce, or where it is warm. Hibernation: a period of inactivity and lowered body temperature that some animals undergo in winter as a protection against cold weather and lack of food. Ex. Squirrel, mice, skunks. Estivation: a period of inactivity and lowered body temperature that some animals undergo in summer as a protection against hot weather and lack of food. Ex. Mice in the desert.

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 3 Biological clock: The internal control of an animal’s natural cycle. Ex. Hibernation, fur changing color, migration. Circadian rhythms: daily cycle—waking up and going to sleep at the same time among a population. Based on 24 hours.

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 4 Adaptation : a characteristic that improves an individual’s ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Can you name some adaptations? Predator—prey adaptations. Can you name some? Camouflage is an example. Adaptations to interactions: beak size and plants. Both are helped.

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 4 Natural selection : the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals do. Four parts: Overproduction: more born than will become adults. Genetic variation within a population: Genetic variations may increase likelihood to survive. Ex: a little faster than other rabbits. Struggle to survive: Lack of resources or mates. Successful reproduction: those that reproduce have better adaptations for the environment whereas those that don’t will likely die off.

Adapting to the Environment Chapter 3 – Section 4 Genetic bottleneck: may result in inbreeding which causes defects. With a bottleneck the genetic variations are reduced. Insecticide resistance: example: flies and DDT. European bison and American bison