Chapter 1 : The Science of Biology Biology – study of life Biology – study of life Organism – complete living thing Organism – complete living thing

I. Scientific Method – an orderly, logical series of steps used to solve a problem Steps : 1.Observation –use of senses to detect a problem Hypothesis – educated guess as to the problem 2.Hypothesis – educated guess as to the problem 3.Experiment – testing a hypothesis 3.Experiment – testing a hypothesis a. controlled experiment- a. controlled experiment- tests only 1 variable. b. variable – thing being b. variable – thing being tested. Independent and dependent (dep. relies on ind.) tested. Independent and dependent (dep. relies on ind.)

c. data – information from experimenting false true -qualitative – description discard -quantitative – numbers 4. retest 5. theory – proven hypothesis 6. retest 7. scientific law – 100% true Scientist – anyone who uses the scientific method

II. Themes of Biology 1. Evolution – species changing over time 1. Evolution – species changing over time - adaptations – change in an organism - adaptations – change in an organism that allows it to live in its environ- that allows it to live in its environ- ment better. Ex. Giraffe ment better. Ex. Giraffe - phylogeny – evolutionary history of an - phylogeny – evolutionary history of an organism organism - homeostatis – the balance between an - homeostatis – the balance between an organism and its environment. organism and its environment.

2. Reproduction and Inheritance -- DNA – chemicals that make up genes. -- DNA – chemicals that make up genes. -- Asexual reproduction – offspring and parent are the same. -- Asexual reproduction – offspring and parent are the same. -- Sexual reproduction – offspring and parent are different. -- Sexual reproduction – offspring and parent are different. 3. Development – growing process. 4. Structure and Function

5. Energy relationships – used for life processes. --- autotrophs – organisms that make their own food. Ex. Plants --- autotrophs – organisms that make their own food. Ex. Plants --- heterotrophs – organisms that get energy from other organisms. --- heterotrophs – organisms that get energy from other organisms. 6. Ecology – study of organisms in their environment. 7. Science and Society - Ethics – study of right and wrong and our moral choices - Ethics – study of right and wrong and our moral choices - Bioethics – ethics dealing with biological issues. - Bioethics – ethics dealing with biological issues.

II. Characteristics of Life 1. Made up of cells (basic unit of life) 2. Have organization – structure to their makeup. cells tissue organ organ systems cells tissue organ organ systems organisms organisms 3. Energy – used for growth and maintenance 4. Respond to Environment - stimulus – condition that causes response. - stimulus – condition that causes response. - response – reaction to stimulus. - response – reaction to stimulus. -- homeostasis – maintaining a balance -- homeostasis – maintaining a balance

5. Growth – growth from inside out. 6. Reproduction – like make like. 7. Have a life span. Avg. 78,83 a. beginning – birth a. beginning – birth b. growth – make more cells than die. b. growth – make more cells than die. c. maturity – make 1 cell for each that dies c. maturity – make 1 cell for each that dies d. decline – more cells die than can be replaced. d. decline – more cells die than can be replaced. e. death – all body processes stop.

8. Made up of essential elements C – carbon C – carbon H - hydrogen H - hydrogen O - oxygen O - oxygen P - phosphorous P - phosphorous K - potassium K - potassium I - iodine I - iodine N - nitrogen N - nitrogen S – sulfur S – sulfur C - calcium C - calcium a F - iron F - iron e

II. Microscopes Anton von Leeweenhook – made 1 st microscope in late 1600’s. Anton von Leeweenhook – made 1 st microscope in late 1600’s. 1. Compound light microscope - uses 2 lenses and light - uses 2 lenses and light - can view living things easily - can view living things easily - doesn’t magnify as high – 1,000x max - doesn’t magnify as high – 1,000x max - total magnification = eyepiece (10x) - total magnification = eyepiece (10x) x objective x objective

2. Electron Microscope – uses electons and magnets. Can’t view living things very easily a. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) - 2-D - 2-D - magnifies up to 200,000 x - magnifies up to 200,000 x b. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) - 3-D - 3-D -magnifies up to 100,000 x -magnifies up to 100,000 x c. Scanning Tunneling microscope (STM) - only see surface - only see surface - can view living things - can view living things - very expensive - very expensive - magnifies up to 1,000,000x - magnifies up to 1,000,000x

Magnification – how large an image is. * Resolution – how clearMagnification – how large an image is. * Resolution – how clear magnification resolution magnification resolution III. Science and Society 1. Ethics – study of right and wrong and our moral choices. 1. Ethics – study of right and wrong and our moral choices. 2. Bioethics – ethics of biological issues. 2. Bioethics – ethics of biological issues.

VII. Lab Techniques 1. Cell Culture – gaining an identical population of cells. 1. Cell Culture – gaining an identical population of cells. 2. Fractionation – releases parts of cells 2. Fractionation – releases parts of cells 3 Centrifugation – separates cell parts by spinning 3 Centrifugation – separates cell parts by spinning 4. Chromatography – separates chemicals by passing up a column of paper. 4. Chromatography – separates chemicals by passing up a column of paper. 5. Electrophoresis – separates pieces of large molecules (DNA) by their electrical charge. 5. Electrophoresis – separates pieces of large molecules (DNA) by their electrical charge.