Lab Clean-up Any missing labs can be made up for Regents credit but will be a 0 grade All labs with a star on them or any labs under a 65 must be made up – Your grade will be an average of your original grade and your new grade – Make corrections on your labs – Any lab with a grade lower than 65 DO NOT put in your folder Labs under a 65 will not count towards regents credit! **If you miss a Lab, it is YOUR responsibility to see me about making it up. **If absent you have 1 week (sometimes shorter if specified) to make up your lab for a grade

How to fill out your lab folder LAB # DAT E TITLE GRADE STUDENT INITIAL # 1 Safety Lab #2 #2 Measurement Lab #3 #3 Microscope Lab #4 #4 Plant Cell Lab #5 #5 Animal Cell Lab #6 Taxonomy Lab #7pH Lab #8Enzyme Lab #9*State Lab – Diffusion* #10Nutrition Label Lab 11Lung Capacity Lab 12*State Lab – Making Connections* 13Blood Cell Lab

DO Now 1 (looseleaf) 1.Why do people have an allergic reaction? 2.Why is AIDS so deadly? 3.What if you had a dramatic increase in red blood cells (blood doping)?

Nervous System & Endocrine System

How does the Nervous System help maintain homeostasis?  Allows cells and body systems to communicate and respond to internal and external changes Example: Nervous system = network of wires (neurons) that quickly communicate messages Life function carried out = Regulation Conditions outside and inside the body are constantly changing

Why would you die without your Nervous System?

Nervous System has TWO main parts: 1.Central Nervous System (CNS)  Includes the brain and the spinal cord  Is a network of nerves all throughout the body  Nerves transmit messages to and from the Central Nervous System 2.Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Central Nervous System (CNS) A)The Brain  Large organ composed of a huge mass of neurons  Regulates everything from the simplest to the most complex human activity Divided into 3 major regions based on function

1.Cerebrum  Largest part of the brain  Divided into two hemispheres  Regulates - Conscious thought, memory, sense interpretation, reasoning & voluntary activity

2.Cerebellum  Bottom-rear of brain (cauliflower shaped)  Responsible for - Coordinating muscular activities and maintaining balance

3.Medulla Oblongata  At the base of the brain  Also known as the brain stem  Responsible for - Regulating automatic (involuntary) actions including heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure and peristalsis

Which part of the brain? Medulla / Cerebrum / Cerebellum 1.Irregular heartbeat – 2.Shaky hands – 3.Can’t walk in straight line – 4.Trying to remember to do my homework – 5.Secrete insulin in blood to reduce sugar level - 6.My wife’s birthday is tomorrow – 7.Stop breathing while sleeping –

Do Now 1.How does the nervous system help maintain homeostasis? 2.A brain is to a body as a __________ is to a cell

Central Nervous System (CNS) B) Spinal Cord  Consists of interneurons and is continuous with the brain  Encased in a boney spine for protection  Carries information between the brain and the body

CNS tells your body how to react to a stimulus Stimulus Impulse Response Change in the environment like a HOT pan Neurons send message to CNS. CNS will tell motor neurons what to do Moving hand away from stove

What is happening?

How do you feel and react? The Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)  A network or web of nerves all over the body  Senses a stimulus and carries out a response

Peripheral Nervous System Network of nerves throughout the body from the Central Nervous System Organized into TWO parts: 1.Somatic Nervous System 2.Autonomic Nervous System Nerves that control voluntary muscles and actions Nerves that regulate automatic functions such as actions of glands and involuntary muscles

We keep talking about nerves… are the all the same or are they different?

THE NEURON Neuron  Basic cellular unit of the nervous system  Nervous System composed of 3 different types of nerve cells

Do Now (looseleaf)

1.Sensory Neurons Sensory Neurons  Detect or sense stimuli and transmit signals to the brain and the spinal cord Where are sensory neurons located?

2.Interneurons Interneurons  Located in the central nervous system  Relay messages from sensory neurons to motor neurons

3.Motor Neurons Motor Neurons  Located in the Peripheral Nervous System  Transmit messages from central nervous system to effectors (muscles or glands) to cause a response

Do Now 1.What part of the peripheral nervous system (autonomic / somatic) is responsible for:  Heartbeat  Insulin secretion  Writing your name on your work 2.What is the path an impulse (message) takes?

Reflex Arc 1.Sensory Neurons – 2.Interneurons - 3.Motor Neurons – sends impulses to an effector (muscles or gland) in the spinal cord (interprets sensory impulses) Receive stimuli & send message to brain/spinal cord

Reflex Arc: Label the diagram using the following words: Effector, spine, interneuron, sensory neuron, stimulus, motor neuron, reaction

Summary

So is there one neuron from your toe to your spine, from your spine to your brain and from your spine to the effector muscle or gland? NO Nerve tissue (nerve) – consists of many, many nerve cells together but not touching

Neurons do not touch! Then how do neurons communicate with each other? Synapse  The gap or space between neurons

How do neurons communicate with each other when the don’t touch? Neurotransmitters Special chemicals that are secreted from neurons Carries message / impulse across synapse from one neuron to another

1.When are the neurotransmitters released from a neuron into the synapse?  When an impulse comes along 2.Why are neurotransmitters released from a neuron into the synapse?  To relay or transmit an impulse from one neuron to the next 3.Where do the neurotransmitters go once they enter the synapse?  Bind to receptor proteins on the next neuron to relay the impulse

4.Why is the shape of the receptor on the neighboring neuron or effector important?  Neurotransmitters only affect cells that have SPECIFIC RECEPTORS.  Function of neurotransmitters relates to the functions of the cells they stimulate Acetylcholine – involved with learning and memory Serotonin – influences mood, some muscle functions and hunger Dopamine – influences emotional behavior and plays a role in stress and voluntary muscles Glutamate – affects learning, memory and brain development

4.What happens to the neurotransmitters once they bind to the receptors and relay the impulse/message?  Neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes in the synapse or are transported back into the neuron that released them

What is going on?