CHAPTER NEW CHAPTER Views of Earth Today the BIG idea Modern technology has changed the way we view and map Earth. 1.1 Technology is used to explore the Earth system. 1.2 Maps and globes are models of Earth. 1.3 Topographic maps show the shape of the land. 1.4 Technology is used to map Earth. CHAPTER OUTLINE

Technology is used to explore the Earth system. 1.1 Technology is used to explore the Earth system. The atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and geosphere work together to form one large system called Earth. system atmosphere hydrosphere biosphere geosphere biosphere geosphere hydrosphere atmosphere SECTION OUTLINE

1.1 system Technology is used to explore the Earth system. atmosphere hydrosphere A group of objects or phenomena that interact. A system can be as simple as a rope, a pulley, and a mass. It also can be as complex as the interaction of energy and matter in the four parts of the Earth system. biosphere geosphere KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.1 atmosphere Technology is used to explore the Earth system. hydrosphere The outer layer of gases of a large body in space, such as a planet or star; the mixture of gases that surrounds the solid Earth; one of the four parts of the Earth system. biosphere geosphere KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.1 hydrosphere Technology is used to explore the Earth system. atmosphere hydrosphere All water on Earth, in the atmosphere and in the oceans, lakes, glaciers, rivers, streams, and underground reservoirs; one of the four parts of the Earth system. biosphere geosphere KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.1 biosphere Technology is used to explore the Earth system. atmosphere hydrosphere All living organisms on Earth in the air, on the land, and in the waters; one of the four parts of the Earth system. biosphere geosphere KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.1 geosphere Technology is used to explore the Earth system. atmosphere hydrosphere All the features on Earth’s surface (continents, islands, and seafloor) and everything below the surface (the inner and outer core and the mantle); one of the four parts of the Earth system. biosphere geosphere KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Maps and globes are models of Earth. 1.2 Maps and globes are models of Earth. Latitude and longitude are used to locate any point on Earth. relief map map scale All map projections distort Earth's surface. map legend equator equator prime meridian latitude prime meridian longitude projection SECTION OUTLINE Mercator

Maps and globes are models of Earth. 1.2 Maps and globes are models of Earth. Latitude and longitude are used to locate any point on Earth. relief map map scale All map projections distort Earth's surface. map legend equator equator prime meridian latitude prime meridian longitude projection SECTION OUTLINE Conic

Maps and globes are models of Earth. 1.2 Maps and globes are models of Earth. Latitude and longitude are used to locate any point on Earth. relief map map scale All map projections distort Earth's surface. map legend equator equator prime meridian latitude prime meridian longitude projection SECTION OUTLINE Planar

1.2 relief map Maps and globes are models of Earth. map scale A map that shows the differences in elevation in an area. Relief maps can show elevations through the use of contour lines, shading, colors, and, in some cases, three-dimensional materials. map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.2 map scale Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map map scale map scale The comparison of distance on a map with actual distance on what the map represents, such as Earth’s surface. Map scale may be expressed as a ratio, a bar scale, or equivalent units. map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.2 map legend Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map map legend map scale A chart that explains the meaning of each symbol used on a map; also called a key. map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.2 equator Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map equator map scale An imaginary east-west line around the center of Earth that divides the planet into the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere; a line set at 0° latitude. map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.2 latitude Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map latitude map scale The distance in degrees north or south from the equator. map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.2 prime meridian Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map prime meridian map scale An imaginary north-south line that divides the planet into the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere. The prime meridian passes through Greenwich, England. map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.2 longitude Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map longitude map scale The distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian. Longitude lines are numbered from 0° to 180°. map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.2 projection Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map projection map scale A representation of Earth’s curved surface on a flat map. map legend equator latitude prime meridian longitude projection KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Topographic maps show the shape of the land. 1.3 Topographic maps show the shape of the land. Contour lines show elevation, slope, and relief. topography contour line Closed circles represent hilltops. elevation slope relief Contour lines show steepness of slope. contour interval Index contour lines show elevation. Contour lines never cross. SECTION OUTLINE

1.3 topography Topographic maps show the shape of the land. contour line All natural and human-made surface features of a particular area. elevation slope relief contour interval KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.3 contour line Topographic maps show the shape of the land. topography contour line contour line A line on a topographic map that joins points of equal elevation. elevation slope relief contour interval KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.3 elevation Topographic maps show the shape of the land. topography elevation contour line A measure of how high something is above a reference point, such as sea level. elevation slope relief contour interval KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.3 slope Topographic maps show the shape of the land. topography slope contour line A measure of how steep a landform is. Slope is calculated as the change in elevation divided by the distance covered. elevation slope relief contour interval KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.3 relief Topographic maps show the shape of the land. topography relief contour line In geology, the difference in elevation between an area’s high and low points. elevation slope relief contour interval KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.3 contour interval Topographic maps show the shape of the land. topography contour interval contour line On a topographic map, the difference in elevation from one contour line to the next. elevation slope relief contour interval KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Technology is used to map Earth. 1.4 Technology is used to map Earth. remote sensing sensor false-color image Remote-sensing technology gathers accurate data about Earth. geographic information systems SECTION OUTLINE

Technology is used to map Earth. 1.4 Technology is used to map Earth. remote sensing sensor Geographic information systems are computer programs used to merge layers of information. false-color image geographic information systems SECTION OUTLINE

1.4 remote sensing Technology is used to map Earth. sensor A method of using scientific equipment to gather information about something from a distance. Most remote-sensing methods make use of different types of electromagnetic radiation. false-color image geographic information systems KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.4 sensor Technology is used to map Earth. remote sensing sensor sensor A mechanical or electronic device that receives and responds to a signal, such as light. false-color image geographic information systems KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.4 false-color image Technology is used to map Earth. remote sensing false-color image sensor A computer image in which the colors are not what the human eye would see. A false-color image can assign different colors to different types of radiation coming from an object to highlight its features. false-color image geographic information systems KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

geographic information systems 1.4 Technology is used to map Earth. remote sensing geographic information systems sensor Computer systems that can store, arrange, and display geographic data in different types of maps. false-color image geographic information systems KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

1.1 Technology is used to explore the Earth system. I. Technology is used to explore the Earth system. system A. The Earth system has four major parts. atmosphere 1. Atmosphere hydrosphere 2. Hydrosphere biosphere 3. Biosphere geosphere 4. Geosphere B. All four parts of the Earth system shape the planet’s surface. KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Maps and globes are models of Earth. 1.2 Maps and globes are models of Earth. II. Maps and globes are models of Earth. relief map A. Maps show natural and human-made features. map scale 1. Land Features on Maps map legend 2. Scale and Symbols on Maps B. Latitude and longitude show locations on Earth. equator 1. Latitude latitude 2. Longitude prime meridian 3. Global Positioning System longitude C. Map projections distort the view of Earth’s surface. projection 1. Cylindrical Projection 2. Conic Projections 3. Planar Projections KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Topographic maps show the shape of the land. 1.3 Topographic maps show the shape of the land. III. Topographic maps show the shape of the land. topography A. Topographic maps use contour lines to show features. contour line elevation B. Contour lines follow certain rules. slope relief contour interval KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY

Technology is used to map Earth. 1.4 Technology is used to map Earth. IV. Technology is used to map Earth. remote sensing A. Remote sensing provides detailed images of Earth. sensor false-color image B. Geographic information systems display data in layers. geographic information systems KEY CONCEPT SUMMARY