1 FEM 4101 MOTIVATION AND HUMAN ACHIEVEMENT

2 ZARINAH ARSHAT ROOM : A104, Department of Human Development and Family Studies PHONE :

3 INTRODUCTION TO FEM 4101 COURSE OBJECTIVES ASSESSMENT

4 Course objective 1 –explain the basic concept of motivation and human achievemen –Course objective 2 –discuss of variety of theories about motivation and the role of motivation in human achievement. INTRODUCTION TO FEM 4101

5 Course objective 3 –explain the relationships between emotion, motivation, behavior and human achievement. Course objective 4 –apply motivation theories in human achievement discussion INTRODUCTION TO FEM 4101

6 Assessment –Test 130% – Assignment 130% –Final40% INTRODUCTION TO FEM 4101

7 QUESTIONS Have you ever found it hard to do something that needed to be done? Have you ever had a hard time getting others to do or accomplish necessary tasks? Would you like to take charge of your own life or help others take charge of theirs?

8 MOTIVATION The difference or gap between what needs to be done and what is not being done can be closed using motivation.

9 MOTIVATION What is motivation? Why you need to know what is motivation?

10 MOTIVATION Think of one or more significant others whom you would consider to be your source of motivation. How this people motivate you?

11 Motivation is the characteristic that helps you achieve your goal. Psychologists define motivation as an internal process that activates, guides, and maintains behavior over time. MOTIVATION

12 Motivation originates from a variety of sources (need, cognition, and emotions) Internal processes energize and direct behavior in multiple way (starting, sustaining, intensifying, focusing, and stopping the particular behavior) Motivation can vary in both intensity and direction. MOTIVATION

13 WHAT IS ACHIEVEMENT?...according to Murray's list of basic human need "achievement is described as to overcome obstacle, and attain a high standard or to rival and surpass others or to strive and to master"...is the driving force to do well relative to a standard of excellence (McClelland, Atkinson, Clark, & Lowell, 1953)

14 Examples of self-related standard of excellence: –Performing batter then done previously, as in exceeding last semester's GPA Examples of other-related standard of excellence - Performing better than other person or a group of other, as in making higher grades then your other coursemate/ roomate/housemate WHAT IS ACHIEVEMENT?

15 However, note that “standards of excellence are double-edged swords” The tendency to APPROCH a standard of excellence OR to overcome the Tendency to AVOID it Anticipating anxiety, fear, defensiveness may lead to avoid or withdraw from standards of excellence Anticipating pride and gratification may lead to approach standard of excellence WHAT IS ACHIEVEMENT?

16 RESEARCH ON MOTIVATION There are two distinct approaches to the study of motivation. –First is a product of academic, experimental procedures, –Second is an outgrowth of clinical, non- experimental methods.

17 All investigators in this field are guided by a single basic question, namely, Why do organisms think and behave as they do? Quantitative and qualitative measurement of human achievement, for eg. –Hermans (1970) Prestatic Motivation Test (PMT) –Jackson (1974) Personal Research Form (PRF) RESEARCH ON MOTIVATION

18 What does the research on motivation tell us? The research on motivation defines motivation as an orientation toward a goal. (This orientation may be positive, negative, or ambivalent.) Motivation provides a source of energy that is responsible for why learners decide to make an effort, how long they are willing to sustain an activity, how hard they are going to pursue it, and how connected they feel to the activity.

19 Much of the research on motivation has confirmed the fundamental principle of causality: motivation affects effort, effort affects results, positive results lead to an increase in ability. What does the research on motivation tell us?

20 COMPONENTS OF MOTIVATION Human Motivation

21 Components of Motivation Biological component Learned component Cognitive component –Behavior is caused by an interaction of biological, learned, and cognitive processes: brain circuits are activated, learned responses are triggered, and control is taken by making plans.

22 TOPIC 2 TYPES AND THEORIES OF MOTIVATION AND ACHIEVEMENT

Types of motivation Motivation is: –an internal state or condition (sometimes described as a need, desire or want) –internal state or condition that activates behavior and gives it direction –desire or want that energize and directs goal- oriented behavior –influence of needs and desires on the intensity and direction of behavior 23

Important of motivation Is motivation is a primary or secondary influences on behavior? 24

The relationship of motivation and emotion Emotion occur as a result of an interaction between perception of environmental stimuli, neural/hormonal responses to these perceptions( often labeled feelings). There is a relationship between motivation and emotion 25

Sources of Motivation Extrinsic (outside the person) Intrinsic (internal to the person) 26

Major Theories of Motivation and Human Achievement Motivation and behavioral learning theory –Reward and reinforcement –Determining the value of an incentive 27

Motivation and human needs –Maslow’s Hierarchy of need 28 Major Theories of Motivation and Human Achievement

Psychological theories of motivation 1.Psychoanalytic 2.Drive 3.Field 4.Achievement 5.Social learning 6.Attributional 7.Humanistic 29

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