The Stage-Discharge Rating D. Phil Turnipseed, P.E. Hydrologist USGS-FERC Streamgaging Seminar Washington, D.C. June 6-7, 2006.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW Introduction Ch-10 of HH
Advertisements

Plotting scales This concludes the discussion of this agenda topic. Please return to the Agenda and choose the next topic for study.
Total & Specific Energy
CHAPTER FOUR Stream flow measurement
Streamflow and Runoff The character, amount, and timing of discharge from a basin tells a lot about flow paths within the basin Therefore, important to.
End of Chapter 4 Movement of a Flood Wave and begin Chapter 7 Open Channel Flow, Manning’s Eqn. Overland Flow.
Open Channel Flow.
HYDRAULIC 1 CVE 303.
Open Channel Flow Part 2 (cont)
CHAPTER 6: Water Flow in Open Channels
Gates. Gates Gates are used to control the discharge and also to stop the flow if required. Gates are used to control the discharge and also to stop the.
Hydraulic Jump.
Open Channel Flow.
Pertemuan Open Channel 2. Bina Nusantara VARIED FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS.
HEC-RAS US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center
Stage – Discharge Rating Numerical relationship between water elevation (stage) and discharge at a location in a flowing system. Expressed as an equation,
MECH 221 FLUID MECHANICS (Fall 06/07) Chapter 10: OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS
HEC-RAS.
CTC 261 Review Hydraulic Devices Orifices Weirs Sluice Gates Siphons
Open channel hydraulics
CE 1501 Selected Topic: Open Channel Flow Reading: Munson, et al., Chapter 10.
Hydrology and Water Resources RG744 Institute of Space Technology December 11, 2013.
We will now move on to study rating curves for natural channels
Water Flow in Open Channels
Open Channel Flow.
Chapter 7 continued Open Channel Flow
CH 7 - Open Channel Flow Brays Bayou Concrete Channel Uniform & Steady
PRINCIPLES OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW
Hydraulic Routing in Rivers
Solution of the St Venant Equations / Shallow-Water equations of open channel flow Dr Andrew Sleigh School of Civil Engineering University of Leeds, UK.
Hydraulic Engineering
Engineering Low-Head Dams for Function and Safety Fritz R. Fiedler Department of Civil Engineering University of Idaho.
Ratings are not static—you must learn how to apply “shifts” to them
Hydraulics for Hydrographers Basic Hydrodynamics
Uniform Open Channel Flow
ERT 349 SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING
Overview of Open Channel Flow Definition: Any flow with a free surface at atmospheric pressure Driven entirely by gravity Cross-section can vary with location.
Fluid Dynamics Stream Ecosystems. Fluid Dynamics Lecture Plan First consider fluids, stress relationships and fluid types Then consider factors affecting.
CE 3372 Water Systems Design Open Conduit Hydraulics - II.
CTC 261 Culvert Basics.
AQUARIUS Time-Series Software™ Aquatic Informatics Inc.
Basic Hydraulics: Channels Analysis and design – I
Open Channel Hydraulics
Basic Hydraulics: Open Channel Flow – I
OC FLOW: ENERGY CONCEPTS, CHANNEL ANALYSIS
Basic Hydrology & Hydraulics: DES 601 Module 16 Open Channel Flow - II.
OPEN CHANNEL FLOW  Any liquid flowing in a conduit or channel that is not completely filled and sealed (open to atmosphere) is considered an open channel.
 It is the type of V. F. in which the width of throat is decreased to such an extent that the depth of water in throat is equal to critical depth. 
Basic Hydraulics: Rating curve. Definition & terminology Rating curve, also known as stage–discharge curve, is a graph showing the relation between the.
Hydrology and Water Resources RG744 Institute of Space Technology November 13, 2015.
Properties of Open Channels  Free water surface Position of water surface can change in space and time  Many different types River, stream or creek;
CTC 261 Review Hydraulic Devices Orifices Weirs Sluice Gates Siphons
Basic Hydraulics: Open Channel Flow – II
Open Channel Hydraulic
CE 3372 Water Systems Design
Basic Hydrology & Hydraulics: DES 601
ERT 349 SOIL AND WATER ENGINEERING
Uniform Open Channel Flow – Ch 7
LECTURER: MADAM NOR AMANI FILZAH MOHD KAMIL
Open Channel Storm water Irrigation Waste water collection and treatment.
Chapter 1. Flow in Open Channel
UH-Downtown White Oak Buffalo.
Discharge, stream flow & channel shape
CHAPTER FOUR Stream flow measurement
CHAPTER FOUR Stream flow measurement
CHAPTER FOUR Stream flow measurement
Introduction/Open-Channel Flow
Hydrodynamic Concepts
HEC-RAS US Army Corps of Engineers Hydrologic Engineering Center
BAE 6333 – Fluvial Hydraulics
Presentation transcript:

The Stage-Discharge Rating D. Phil Turnipseed, P.E. Hydrologist USGS-FERC Streamgaging Seminar Washington, D.C. June 6-7, 2006

Ratings developed by making discharge measurements

A straight line on rectilinear paper is of the form: y = mx + b where: m = slope of line and: b is the y intercept

Logarithmic Coordinate System Many hydraulic relations are linear in log formMany hydraulic relations are linear in log form Examples include:Examples include: –Discharge equations for weirs –Open-channel flow equations, with simplifying assumptions This means SEGMENTS of ratings may be linear in log spaceThis means SEGMENTS of ratings may be linear in log space

Stage-Discharge Relations for Artificial Controls

Equations commonly used to relate water discharge to hydraulic head (h) RECTANGULAR WEIR Q = C B h 1.5 where: C = a discharge coefficient B = top width of weir or length of weir crest normal to flow

Equations commonly used to relate water discharge to hydraulic head (h) V-NOTCH WEIR (90 degrees) Q = 2.5 h 2.5

Relation between water discharge (Q) and Head (h) for a v-notch weir (pzf at gage height = 0.0) Water Surface h Q = 2.5 h 2.5 Gage Height 2.50

RATING CURVE FOR A V-NOTCH WEIR (PZF at GH = 0.0, therefore h = ght) Q = 2.5h 2.5 Gage Height (e=0) Discharge

Relation between water discharge (Q) and head (h) for a v-notch weir (pzf at gage height = 1.0) Q = 2.5 h h = GH - e h e Will be scale offset Water Surface Gage Height

Rating if offset used (Head plotted against discharge) Rating for a V-notch weir when PZF = 1.0 ft. Gage height Discharge Rating if no offset used (Gage height plotted against discharge)

Example of relation between PZF and gage height Gage HeightPZF Head = GH - PZF or about 0.37 ( )

Measuring Point of Zero Flow Gage Pool Include Velocity Head Deepest Point on Control Control Section Perpendicular to Flow Control Section Gage Pool Flow Flow

Stage-Discharge Relations for Natural Controls

Section Controls

Common equations used to relate water discharge to channel conditions Section Control Q = a(GH-e) b where: a = coefficient b = slope of the relations (b is almost always greater than 2)

Rating curve shapes <2 1 >2 1 1 Section Control Channel Control Overbank Gh - e Section Control Q = a(GH-e) b

Channel Controls

Common equations used to relate water discharge to channel conditions Channel Control Q = 1.49 A R 2/3 S 1/2 n Where: A = cross section area R = hydraulic radius (area/wetted perimeter) S = energy slope n = Manning’s “n” (roughness coefficient)

Rating curve shapes <2 1 >2 1 1 Section Control Channel Control Overbank Gh - e Channel Control Q = CD 1.67 (Manning’s Eq.)

Different Controls, Same Site Channel control or partial channel control Section control

Rating curve shapes <2 1 >2 1 1 Section Control Channel Control Overbank Gh - e Overbank Control Q = CD (>2) (Manning’s Eq.)

Open-Channel Flow: Types of FlowTypes of Flow States of FlowStates of Flow Regimes of FlowRegimes of Flow

Open-Channel Flow: Types of FlowTypes of Flow States of FlowStates of Flow Regimes of FlowRegimes of Flow Basic equationsBasic equations

Temporal flow classifications Depth and velocity are constant with time Steady Unsteady change Depth and velocity change with time

Spatial flow classifications Constant depth and velocity along the channel length UniformVaried Changing Changing depth and velocity along the channel length

Spatial flow classifications water-surface slope = channel Slope S w = S o water-surface slope = channel Slope S w = S o Uniform Gradually Varied water-surface slope = friction Slope S w = S f water-surface slope = friction Slope S w = S f

Gradually Varied Flow

Flow-Classification Summary: A.Steady flow 1.Uniform flow 2.Varied flow a)Gradually varied flow b)Rapidly varied flow B.Unsteady flow 1.Unsteady uniform flow (rare) 2.Unsteady flow (i.e., unsteady varied flow) a)Gradually varied unsteady flow b)Rapidly varied unsteady flow From Chow, 1959

Open-Channel Flow: Types of FlowTypes of Flow States of FlowStates of Flow Regimes of FlowRegimes of Flow

State of Flow: State of flow governed by effects of viscosity and gravity relative to the inertial forces of the flowState of flow governed by effects of viscosity and gravity relative to the inertial forces of the flow

States of Flow: Viscosity vs. inertia: Reynold’s Number R = VL/עViscosity vs. inertia: Reynold’s Number R = VL/ע where V = velocity of flow L = hydraulic radius L = hydraulic radius ע = kinematic viscosity of water ע = kinematic viscosity of water Laminar flow: R < 500Laminar flow: R < 500 Turbulent flow: R > 2000Turbulent flow: R > 2000 Laminar flow rare in open channelsLaminar flow rare in open channels

States of Flow: Gravity vs. inertia: Froude Number F = V/(gL) 1/2Gravity vs. inertia: Froude Number F = V/(gL) 1/2 where V = velocity of flow L = hydraulic radius (depth) L = hydraulic radius (depth) g = acceleration of gravity g = acceleration of gravity F = 1: V = (gD) 1/2 Critical flow EquilibriumF = 1: V = (gD) 1/2 Critical flow Equilibrium F < 1: V < (gD) 1/2 Sub-critical flow Gravity dominatesF < 1: V < (gD) 1/2 Sub-critical flow Gravity dominates F > 1: V > (gD) 1/2 Super-critical flow Inertia dominatesF > 1: V > (gD) 1/2 Super-critical flow Inertia dominates

States of Flow: Critical velocity (gD) 1/2 known as the “wave celerity” – velocity of a gravity wave generated by a local disturbance inCritical velocity (gD) 1/2 known as the “wave celerity” – velocity of a gravity wave generated by a local disturbance in shallow water shallow water Ability of a gravity wave to propagate upstream is a criterion for identifying sub-critical or super-critical flowAbility of a gravity wave to propagate upstream is a criterion for identifying sub-critical or super-critical flow Flow in most channels is controlled by gravitySub-criticalFlow in most channels is controlled by gravitySub-critical

States of Flow F < 1.0 F >1.0 Sub-critical (tranquil) flow Supercritical (rapid) flow critical flow F = 1.0 flow

Open-Channel Flow: Types of FlowTypes of Flow States of FlowStates of Flow Regimes of FlowRegimes of Flow Basic equationsBasic equations

Regimes of Flow: Combined effect of viscosity and gravity 4 regimes of flow 1) Sub-critical – laminar: F 1; R ) Super-critical – turbulent: F > 1; R > 2000Combined effect of viscosity and gravity 4 regimes of flow 1) Sub-critical – laminar: F 1; R ) Super-critical – turbulent: F > 1; R > 2000

Regimes of Flow: From Chow, 1959

Upstream Natural Control Upstream control - Flow past gage is supercritical Upstream view Downstream view

Rating and controls, San Francisquito Cr. PZF = 0.07

Rating and controls, San Francisquito Cr. (cont.) Measurement at moderate flow G.H. = 5.4

Rating and Controls, San Francisquito Cr. (cont.) Channel Control beginning to dominate at this stage (6.25 feet)

Rating and controls, San Francisquito Cr. (cont.)

Shifting Controls

Shifting Control The non-cohesive streambed in this photo is subject to scour and fill, as well as changing vegetation conditions. The non-cohesive streambed in this photo is subject to scour and fill, as well as changing vegetation conditions. Unstable channel

Shifts Shift is a “temporary rating”Shift is a “temporary rating” Generally used for a temporary change in the controlGenerally used for a temporary change in the control –Case 1: Assumes control will move back to the rating –Case 2: Control changes so frequently, shifts applied to avoid always making a new rating

Shift Corrections Change the shape and/or position of the rating curveChange the shape and/or position of the rating curve Creates a “temporary rating”Creates a “temporary rating” By timeBy time –Simple By stageBy stage –Variable shift or V-shift diagrams –A better reflection of what actually happens in stream Combination of bothCombination of both

Template for Content Slide

Shift Curve Shapes and Ratings

looking at rating for shift

ADAPS uses up to 3-point “V-diagrams” to document shifts to ratings Shift Adjustment Gage Height Discharge d d c c b a b a

How many shifts do you see?