Meteorology Layers of the Atmosphere And Air Masses

Meteorology  Meteorology is …

Meteorology  Meteorology is the branch of science that deals with the atmosphere of atmosphere a planet, particularly that of the Earth, the most important application of which is the analysis and prediction of weather. weather

Kid definition  Meteorology is the study of the atmosphere to analyze and predict the weather.

What are the layers of the atmosphere and how do they interact?  PART ONE

Reveal Earth's Atmosphere Reveal Earth's Atmosphere  National Geographic

Background Info  Although the density of air decreases with the increasing altitude, that is, the air gets “thinner”, the proportions of gases in the air remain relatively the same, at least in the lower layers. Water vapor is found in the atmosphere, but its concentration varies with weather and climate conditions. For example, air is generally dry over the southwestern states but relatively wet over the southeastern region, which includes the Florida Keys.  Top Ten Gases in Our Atmosphere Top Ten Gases in Our Atmosphere Top Ten Gases in Our Atmosphere

What’s the deal with air pressure? Air Pressure Demo - air has mass Air Pressure Demo Air Pressure Demo  Weather and Air Pressure (the basics) Weather and Air Pressure Weather and Air Pressure  Altitude vs air pressure (naval aviation) Altitude vs air pressure Altitude vs air pressure  Air Pressure Explained (NASA) Air Pressure Explained (NASA) Air Pressure Explained (NASA)

Layers of the Earth’s Atmosphere

Troposphere O to 12 km (about 7.5 miles) tropo means -

Troposphere O to 12 km tropo means – “turning” or “changing” ___ km above the equator or less than __ km above Poles

Troposphere O to 12 km tropo means – “turning” or “changing” 12 km above the equator or less than 9 km above Poles At the top of this layer temperature stays ___ °C

Troposphere O to 12 km tropo means – “turning” or “changing” 12 km above the equator or less than 9 km above Poles. It is made mostly of the gases nitrogen and oxygen. At the top of this layer temperature stays -60 °C Water here forms ______, feathery clouds of _____

Troposphere O to 12 km tropo means – “turning” or “changing” 12 km above the equator or less than 9 km above Poles At the top of this layer temperature stays -60 °C Water here forms _thin_, feathery clouds of _ice_ ______, _______, _______ & ______ ______ occur in this layer

Troposphere O to 12 km tropo means – “turning” or “changing” 12 km above the equator or less than 9 km above Poles At the top of this layer temperature stays -60 °C Water here forms _thin_, feathery clouds of _ice_ _Rain_, _snow__, & _most_ _clouds_ occur in this layer The Troposphere is important because…

Troposphere O to 12 km tropo means – “turning” or “changing” 12 km above the equator or less than 9 km above Poles At the top of this layer temperature stays -60 °C Water here forms _thin_, feathery clouds of _ice_ _Rain_, _snow__, & _most_ _clouds_ occur in this layer The Troposphere is important because… weather occurs in this layer. Weather is important because it starts the water cycle.

Stratosphere ___ to ___ km (7.5 – 31 miles) strato-

Stratosphere 12 to 50 km (about 7.5 miles – 31 miles) strato- “layer” or “spread out”

Stratosphere 12 to 50 km strato- “layer” or “spread out” The _____ stratosphere is warmer(-20C/-68F) than the lower stratosphere (-60C/-76F) Where troposphere and stratosphere meet is the jet stream, a current of fast-moving air. In our country, the jet stream blows from west to east. It tends to push our weather in that direction.

Stratosphere 12 to 50 km strato- “layer” or “spread out” The _upper_ stratosphere is warmer(-20  C/68  F) than the lower stratosphere (-60  C/ -76  F) ________is in the middle portion of the stratosphere

Stratosphere 12 to 50 km strato- “layer” or “spread out” The upper stratosphere is warmer(-20C/-68F) than the lower stratosphere (-60C/-76F) _Ozone_is in the middle portion of the stratosphere

Stratosphere 12 to 50 km strato- “layer” or “spread out” The _upper_ stratosphere is warmer than the lower stratosphere _Ozone is in the middle portion of the stratosphere The ______ _______ protects Earth’s living things from ____________ ______________ from sun.

Stratosphere 12 to 50 km strato- “layer” or “spread out” The _upper_ stratosphere is warmer than the lower stratosphere _Ozone_ is in the middle portion of the stratosphere. Ozone is a form of oxygen found in the atmosphere. The _ozone_layer_ protects Earth’s living things from ultraviolet radiation_ from sun. Some say there is a hole in our ozone layer. It is not exactly a hole but a thinning of the ozone layer where it is in low concentrations. Felix Baumgartner's fall from space

Mesosphere ___ to ___ km (31-50 miles)

Mesosphere _50_ to _80_ km meso - means “__________”

Mesosphere _50_ to _80_ km meso - means “_middle_”

Mesosphere _50_ to _80_ km meso - means “_middle_” Most ______ burn up in the __________, producing ___________ __________.

Mesosphere _50_ to _80_ km meso - means “_middle_” Most _meteoroids_ burn up in the _mesosphere_, producing _meteor_ _trails_. Molecules in the air spread _________ apart.

Mesosphere _50_ to _80_ km meso - means “_middle_” Most _meteoroids_ burn up in the _mesosphere_, producing _meteor_ _trails_. Molecules in the air spread _________ apart.

Mesosphere _50_ to _80_ km meso - means “_middle_” Most _meteoroids_ burn up in the _mesosphere_, producing _meteor_ _trails_. Molecules in the air spread _farther_ apart. Temperatures approach ____ ⁰C

Mesosphere _50_ to _80_ km meso - means “_middle_” Most _meteoroids_ burn up in the _mesosphere_, producing _meteor_ _trails_. Molecules in the air spread _farther_ apart. Temperatures approach _-90_ ⁰C

Mesosphere _50_ to _80_ km meso - means “_middle_” Most _meteoroids_ burn up in the _mesosphere_, producing _meteor_ _trails_. Molecules in the air spread _farther_ apart. Temperatures approach _-90_ ⁰C Important in the atmosphere because…

Mesosphere _50_ to _80_ km meso - means “_middle_” Most _meteoroids_ burn up in the _mesosphere_, producing _meteor_ _trails_. Molecules in the air spread _farther_ apart. Temperatures approach _-90_ ⁰C Important in the atmosphere because… It protects Earth’s surface from being hit by most _________________.

Mesosphere _50_ to _80_ km meso - means “_middle_” Most _meteoroids_ burn up in the _mesosphere_, producing _meteor_ _trails_. Molecules in the air spread _farther_ apart. Temperatures approach _-90_ ⁰C Important in the atmosphere because… It protects Earth’s surface from being hit by most _meteoroids_.

Thermosphere above __ km

Thermosphere above _80_ km This layer extends from ____ km above Earth’s surface outward into space.

Thermosphere above _80_ km This layer extends from _80_ km above Earth’s surface outward into space. It has ___ _____________ outer limit.

Thermosphere above _80_ km This layer extends from _80_ km above Earth’s surface outward into space. It has _no_ _definite_ outer limit. This layer can reach temperatures of _______ ⁰C.

Thermosphere above _80_ km This layer extends from _80_ km above Earth’s surface outward into space. It has _no_ _definite_ outer limit. This layer can reach temperatures of _1, _ ⁰C. (about 3200  F) Despite the high temperatures, you would ____ feel warm.

Thermosphere above _80_ km This layer extends from _80_ km above Earth’s surface outward into space. It has _no_ _definite_ outer limit. This layer can reach temperatures of _1,800_ ⁰C. Despite the high temperatures you would _NOT_ feel warm. Important in the atmosphere because…

Thermosphere above _80_ km This layer extends from _80_ km above Earth’s surface outward into space. It has _no_ _definite_ outer limit. This layer can reach temperatures of _1,800_ ⁰C. Despite the high temperatures you would _NOT_ feel warm. Important in the atmosphere because… The ___________ extends out into _______ _________. We view the _________ ________ or aurora borealis.

Thermosphere above _80_ km This layer extends from _80_ km above Earth’s surface outward into space. It has _no_ _definite_ outer limit. This layer can reach temperatures of _1,800_ ⁰C. Despite the high temperatures you would _NOT_ feel warm. Important in the atmosphere because… The _thermosphere_ extends out into _outer_ _space_ Many satellites orbit here.. We view the _Northern_ _Lights_ or Aurora Borealis, which are magnetic particles located in the thermosphere.

Thermosphere (continued)  This layer is divided into two sub-layers.  The lower layer is called the ionosphere. –About 80 to 400 km above Earth’s surface –Northern Lights are located in this layer  The upper layer is called the exosphere. –About 400 km outward for thousands of km

Aurora over Hancock, MI looking north, July 25, 2004, 2:18am Photos by Claudia Perko From Aurora Borealis  What causes the Northern Lights? What causes the Northern Lights What causes the Northern Lights

Journey Through Our Atmosphere Journey Through Our Atmosphere  BBC: Power of the Planet - Atmosphere (50 mins.) clash of extremes 25:40-32:20 BBC: Power of the Planet - Atmosphere (50 mins.) BBC: Power of the Planet - Atmosphere (50 mins.)  Mr. Parr's Layers of Atmosphere Song Mr. Parr's Layers of Atmosphere Song Mr. Parr's Layers of Atmosphere Song Tornadoes sometimes make trouble in eastern states (mnemonic sentence)  Now you try! Let’s put together a graphic organizer to remember the layers.

Summarizer  NASA The Structure of our atmosphere NASA The Structure of our atmosphere NASA The Structure of our atmosphere

Part Two What makes the wind blow?  Please open you Addison – Wesley to text page E14-15 Mr. Wizard Demonstration Mr. Wizard Demonstration

High and Low Pressure E16-17 high and low pressure convection clip high and low pressure convection clip high and low pressure convection clip  The air’s density can help you predict the weather. Scientists determine how many particles are in the air by measuring how heavy the air is. Air with more particles in it is heavier than air with less particles. The weight of this air is always pushing on us and is known as air pressure. Since cold air is more dense than warm air, it is heavier and greater air pressure and forms high pressure areas. Warm air is less dense and forms low pressure areas.

Global Winds (E14) Little Shop of Science - global winds 4 Little Shop of Science - global circulation 5 Little Shop of Science - global winds 4 Little Shop of Science - global circulation Little Shop of Science - global winds 4 Little Shop of Science - global circulation  G lobal winds are the result of uneven heating. The air over the equator is warmer than the air over the poles. As a result, the hot air over the equator rises, and the cold air from the poles slips in under it. Global winds are curved by the Earth’s rotation. The direction of the earth’s rotation and its wind patterns is shown.

The Coriolis Effect PBS NovaThe Coriolis Effect PBS Nova (3mins.) The Coriolis Effect PBS Nova  The rotation of the Earth causes and interesting phenomena on free-moving objects (fluids) on Earth. Objects in the Northern Hemisphere are deflected to the right while objects in the Southern Hemisphere are deflected to the left.  Will a toilet flush opposite in Australia? Will a toilet flush opposite in Australia? Will a toilet flush opposite in Australia?

Jet Stream  How does our jet stream work? How does our jet stream work? How does our jet stream work?

Sea Breeze and Land Breeze Animation of Sea and Land Breezes Animation of Sea and Land Breezes Animation of Sea and Land Breezes

Local Winds (E15) Land and Sea Breezes Explained Land and Sea Breezes Explained Land and Sea Breezes Explained

Atmospheric Circulation  Atmospheric circulation on planets (18 mins) Atmospheric circulation on planets Atmospheric circulation on planets

Where do we get the heat?  Day and Night Cycle - Photoperiod  Season Cycle

Day and Night Animation Animation   Each day the sun appears to rise and set because the Earth rotates on its axis. As the planet turns, different places move in and out of sunlight.   Day and Night Clip Day and Night Clip Photoperiod - Journey North

Background Info - Season Simulator Season Simulator Season Simulator  MIT Earth's Tilt 1 – Why do we have seasons? MIT Earth's Tilt 1 MIT Earth's Tilt 1  Land of the Midnight Sun - Why are some places in complete darkness for part of the year? Land of the Midnight Sun Land of the Midnight Sun

What are air masses? E18-19 Air Masses - An Introduction TWC - air masses and fronts Air Masses - An Introduction TWC - air masses and fronts Air Masses - An Introduction TWC - air masses and fronts

Fronts Fronts (E20-21) Fronts Hot air and cold air mass Hot air and cold air mass WEATHER FRONTS explained WEATHER FRONTS explained  Cold Front Time Lapsed Clip Cold Front Time Lapsed Clip Cold Front Time Lapsed Clip

How to read a weather map How to read a weather map