Unit 4:Learning and Cognition Chapter 8: Thinking and Language

Warm-Up Review 10/29 Who was the founder of the Structuralist historical school of psychology? What hormone does the thyroid gland release? Which stage of sleep does sleep walking/talking usually occur?

What is Thinking? Symbols object or act that stands for something else words + - = / ? { [ ] } ~ ` ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) it only looks like I am cursing you out mental images

What is Thinking? Concepts Prototypes grouping together things that have similar characteristics organized in hierarchies learned through experience Prototypes particular example of a concept

Problem Solving Algorithms Heuristics formulas systematic search a2 + b2 = c2 systematic search more complex every possible outcome has to be tested Heuristics help find a solution to problems - shortcuts faster than algorithms but not as reliable

Children’s Book Assignment Choose One of the Components of Language phonemes, morphemes, syntax, vocabulary,grammar, etc. Pick an age group Write 15 pages with at least a sentence on each page Each page must be illustrated

Chapter 8 Vocabulary thinking symbol concept prototype algorithm heuristic difference reduction means-end analysis incubation effect mental set functional fixedness convergent thinking overregularization divergent thinking reasoning deductive reasoning confirmation bias representativeness heuristic availability heuristic anchoring heuristic framing effect language phoneme syntax semantics language acquisition device

Warm Up 10/30 How do you usually solve problems in your life? You are not limited to math problems.

Problem Solving Methods Trial and error no idea how to reach goal try as many solutions as possible - hoping one will work Difference Reduction minimizing the distance between where we are and our goals heuristic making a mess to clean http://movies.netflix.com/WiPlayer?movieid=70151960&trkid=7882979&t=30+Rock%3A+Ssn+4%3A+Into+t he+Crevasse

Problem Solving Methods Means-End Analysis things we do have results solving each part of a problem could help solve the whole problem changing things around to get the desired result Working Backward figuring out what to do by looking at what result you want

Problem Solving Methods Analogies looking at problems you have already solved to come up with a solution to the current problem Archimedes - ancient Greek scientist overflowing bathtub as a way to solve for volume by the water that is displaced

Problem Solving Insight Incubation Effect sudden understanding no conscious understanding of how a solution came to us “Aha!” “Eureka!” Incubation Effect standing back from a problem while unconscious thoughts continue to work on it that’s why taking a break from a difficult problem might help

Warm Up 11/4 What is the area of your retina that lacks photoreceptors? What stage of sleep is referred to as “paradoxical sleep”? Which form of learning did Pavlov and his dogs contribute to?

Problem Solving Obstacles mental set functional fixedness successfully solving a problem in a similar way Limits creativity functional fixedness object only useful as what it was originally created for

Problem Solving Creativity divergent thinking free association not limited by the way things are usually done\innovation

Reasoning deductive reasoning inductive reasoning conclusion = true if the premise = true linear inductive reasoning reason with individual cases to reach a general conclusion confirmation bias - seek info that will make your conclusion true

Decision Making and Judgement The framing effect word choices influence on decisions Overconfidence unaware of flimsy supporting evidence pay attention to examples that confirm beliefs

Warm up 11/5 Are you taking/have you taken a foreign language course during high school? What was it? What are some activities used to teach you the language?

Language phonemes - sounds - consonants and vowels - put together (phonics) morphemes - units of meaning - smaller words - prefixes and suffixes (all made up of phonemes) syntax - arrangement of words in a sentence- grammar - Subject verb object. semantics - study of meaning language and the things it describes - how a word can have a different meaning when used as an adjective or a verb. OR how two different words with different meanings can sound exactly the same. OR how sentence structure or expression can change meaning.

Language Stages of language development crying, cooing, and babbling words grammar

Language How do we learn? bilingualism heredity environmental influences bilingualism