Chapter 5. 4

 What well-known Indo-European language is now extinct?  Gothic  What group did it belong to?  East Germanic

 Catalogue containing stats for almost 7,000 languages  Each year # of languages changes as some die  Extinct language: no longer spoken or read by anyone  516 nearly extinct  Gothic was last of East Germanic  EBLUL created to preserve 60 minority lanugages of EU

 What Afro-Asiatic language was once deemed extinct/dead and is now revived?  Hebrew  What year was Israel created?  1948

 Extinct language that was revived  Used only for Jewish ceremonies after 300 BCE Really dead, not extinct?  Aramaic replaced by Arabic  estab. of Israel, Hebrew became official language  Had to create new words for modern items (Eliezer Ben-Yehuda)

A street in Jerusalem was re-named New York after Sept. 11, The street name is shown in Hebrew, Arabic, and English

 What Indo-European branch has been endangered since the British Isles were first invaded?  Celtic  Name 3 Celtic languages  Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, Breton, Cornish  How were Celts treated in Irish schools for speaking Celtic languages?  Tally Sticks

 Major language prior to Germanic invasion of British Isles  Spoken in Northern Europe and Italy as well  Gaelic (Goidelic)  Irish vs. Scottish  Brythonic (Britannic, Cymric)  Wales (Welsh), Brittany (Breton), Cornwall (Cornish)  Celts lost battles and rights to other languages  Forced to learn English to get jobs

 What has been done in Wales to increase number of Welsh speakers?  Welsh Lang. Society, Britain’s Education Act: taught in schools, BBC channel  What has been done in Ireland to increase number of Gaelic speakers?  Rock groups, TV station, road signs  Cornish went extinct in 1777  what about now?  Revival began in 1920s, taught in school  Battle of spellings

Road signs in Ireland are written in both English and Gaelic (Goidelic).

 What country is almost split evenly between speakers of two language branches?  Belgium  What are the names of people and what language do they speak?  Flemings  Flemish (Dutch, Germanic)  Walloons  French (Romance)  What country has 4 official languages?  Switzerland  What are they?  French, German, Italian, Romansh

 Romance vs Germanic  Belgium: Walloons (French) vs Flemings (Flemish/Dutch) Estab. 2 official regions (Flanders & Wallonia) Brussels is bilingual  Switzerland: German, French, Italian, Romansh Peaceful b/c of decentralized govn’t

Fig. 5-16: There has been much tension in Belgium between Flemings, who live in the north and speak Flemish, a Dutch dialect, and Walloons, who live in the south and speak French.

The name of the bookstore is printed in both French (top) and Flemish (bottom).

Fig. 5-17: Switzerland remains peaceful with four official languages and a decentralized government structure.

 Isolated Language: unrelated to any other, most often not part of a family  Indo-European not only had common ancestor, but spread thru intense interaxn with conquests  Isolated results from inverse relation to interaxn  Basque- last of isolated in Europe  Northern Spain, SW France  Which mountains?  Icelandic-  Is related to North Germanic (Norwegian)  Norwegian changed, not Icelandic

 English- language of international communication  Pidgin language: result of two languages (one lingua franca) and simplifying it  Not a native language, just in addition  Main ones:  English, Swahili, Hindustani(?), Indonesian, Russian,  Arabic, Spanish  English often mandatory to learn as 2 nd language

Fig : English is still the largest language on the internet, but there has been rapid growth in many others, especially Chinese.

Fig 5-1.2: English and English-speaking countries still dominate e- commerce, but other languages are growing rapidly.

 What group created a dialect in order to communicate in code?  African American slaves  Many of these dialectical differences turned into what English dialect?  Ebonics

 Ebonics= “ebony” + “phonics” She be at home. I’m not going there no more.  Official English dialect, double negatives  Appalachia= Holler, crick, a-sitting  Different pronunciations, double negatives, adding an “a”  Sign of regional pride? Or lack of education?

 Franglais  French Academy promotes replacing English words since 1635  banning franglais illegal  Where is the preservation of French most severe? Quebec  Spanglish (Cubonics)  Invents new words, modifies spelling, using both in one phrase  Denglish  Institute for German Language protests use of Denglish

Fig. 5-18: Although Canada is bilingual, French speakers are concentrated in the province of Quebec, where 80% of the population speaks French.

 What are the two theories of the origin of the Indo-European language family?  Kurgan: War, cattle herders from steppes of Russia/Kazakhstan  Gimbutas  Anatolian: diffusion of agriculture  Renfrew  Most spoken language?  Mandarin  Largest language families?  Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan

 Largest language family in Sub-Saharan Africa?  Niger-Congo  Largest language family in North Africa?  Afro-Asiatic  Term for division lines between “coke”, “pop”, and “soda”  Isogloss

 A collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago  Language branch  A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocab.  Language group  A collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history.  Language family  A regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocab, spelling, and pronunciation.  Dialect