Expansion

Manifest destiny – belief that the U.S. would and should expand into the West.

Expansion Indian Removal Act of forced Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River.

Expansion In Worcester vs. Georgia (1832), Supreme Court recognized federal treaty between Cherokee Indians and the government. But, Jackson still removed the Indians by force.

Expansion Trail of Tears: Walked nearly 800 miles 1 in 4 Native Americans died Lived on poor lands in the West

Expansion Mormons were a religious group that settled in the West Joseph Smith was the first leader of the Mormons Settled near the Great Salt Lake (UT)

Expansion Oregon Trail Stretched from Missouri to Oregon

Expansion The U.S. shared the Oregon Territory with the British. James K. Polk’s campaign slogan in 1844 = “Fifty-Four Forty or Fight!” U.S. gained the territory without a fight.

Expansion Missouri Compromise developed by Henry Clay: –Maine would be a free state (no slavery) –Missouri would be a slave state. –Established 36’ 30’ Line and kept the balance in the Senate

Expansion Texas was controlled by Mexico, but U.S. wanted cheap land. Stephen F. Austin led the first group of American settlers into TX.

Expansion Fighting soon broke out between Mexico and American settlers. “Remember the Alamo”

Expansion In 1836, TX became the independent Republic of Texas In 1845, TX was annexed by the U.S. and became a slave state.

Expansion James K. Polk (NC) became president in 1844 and wanted Mexican territory!!! Northerners feared he might try to EXPAND SLAVERY.

Expansion Most Americans didn’t want to go to war with Mexico. Fighting erupted over border dispute... “American blood on American soil” Mexican War lasted from

Expansion Treaty of Guadalupe–Hidalgo, 1848: Ended Mexican War U.S. gained territory of California and New Mexico and set the southern border of TX Gadsden Purchase – present border with Mexico.

GOLD RUSH IN CALIFORNIA

Reform Movements

Reform Second Great Awakening – religious movement that encouraged people to improve themselves and society. Charles G. Finney – “father of modern revivalism”

Reform Transcendentalism – philosophical movement that emphasized living a simple life, the inner self, and nature. Led by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau Thoreau wrote Civil Disobedience to protest the Mexican War.

Reform

Utopian communities tried to create a perfect place. Brook Farm New Harmony Oneida

Reform Dorothea Dix discovered that many prisons held mentally ill patients. Emphasized rehabilitation to help people get better!!! Established public hospitals for the mentally ill!!!

Reform

Horace Mann believed schools created good citizens. Created tax- supported public schools

Reform Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott fought for women’s rights Held Seneca Falls Convention “All men and women are created equal”

Reform Sarah and Angelina Grimke were daughters of a SC slave owner but also abolitionists. HOT???

Reform Sojourner Truth had been a slave for nearly 30 years but became a famous abolitionist.

Reform Some young, unmarried women began working in the factories. Treated poorly and not paid well Lowell Mill (Mass)

Slavery and Abolition

“Cotton Is King!”

Reform Many southerners considered slavery to be a “necessary evil.” Abolition movement to outlaw slavery. “Necessary evil”

Reform William Lloyd Garrison – white abolitionist who started a newspaper called The Liberator. American Anti- Slavery Society was founded in 1833.

Reform Frederick Douglass was born into slavery Taught to read and write by his master’s wife. Became the most famous abolitionist!!!

Reform Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin to show the inhumanity of slavery. Caused strong feelings in the North and South.

Reform In 1831, Nat Turner’s Rebellion led to nearly 60 white people killed on plantations. Spread fear throughout the South and harsh treatment for slaves.

Reform Slave codes were laws that limited rights of slaves. –Considered property –Couldn’t vote –Couldn’t own guns or testify in court –Couldn’t legally marry