ANTIBIOTICS AND DRUGS

The Sites of Activity in a Bacterial Cell for Various Antibiotics

The history of chemotherapy starts with Paul Ehrlich Development of salvarsan to treat syphilis

The Disruption of Folic Acid Synthesis by Competitive Inhibition

Antibiotics

The first Drug to be developed for use in WW2 was Sulfa.

Sulfanilamide and other sulfonamides interfere with metabolic reactions Competitive inhibition are drugs as synthesized in lab

The discovery of antibiotics began with Fleming Lysozyme Penicillin Florey and Chain

Alexander Fleming

Fleming’s Lab

Penicillin discovered

Mold inhibiting Staph

Penicillin first used in World War 2

Destruction of bacteria by antimicrobials

Effects of a Beta Lactam antibiotic on a cell

Antimicrobials that interfere with Cell wall synthesis

All the derivatives from Penicillin G

Penicillin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis Beta-lactam nucleus

Semisynthetic Penicillins

Role of Penicillinase

The Action of Penicillinase on Sodium Penicillin G

Cephalosporins also inhibit cell wall synthesis Resemblance to penicillins Generations of cephalosoporin

Structure of cephalosporin and penicillin

Antimicrobials that inhibit protein synthesis

How Drug Resistance can Occur

Tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, erythromycins, clindamycins are another group of drugs that affect protein synthesis

Antimicrobial assays Different methods to evaluate the effectiveness of an antimicrobial

Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion Test

Determining the MIC of an antimicrobial

MIC dilution tests

E-Test

Common mechanisms of drug resistance by bacteria

Selective advantage of drug- resistance in a population

How Drug Resistance can Occur

Antibiotics have been misused and abuse Evolving resistance in bacteria Antibiotic misuse and abused  Society  Hospitals  Livestock feeds

Genome of a Mycoplasma