VALUES AND INCLUSION CARLOS REIS

1. UNDERSTANDING IFFERENCE 1.1. WHAT ARE VALUES?

our understanding of difference 1.the other, strange, menacing, avoiding, negative 2.worthy of interest, enchanting, seductive, positive

our understanding of difference two ways of recognizing difference 1. the assimilative/digestive way we assimilate because we take out, from the stranger, his difference, so we make him “just like us”, but what about is difference? we digest because we make his difference nule. But we should recognize he is different and that there is good in that, because there is richness in difference. (remember the meaning of throwing the dice!)

our understanding of difference 2. the real recognition of difference how do we get there? 2.1. once you don’t understand it a) be carefull b) respect it

our understanding of difference 2.2. once you start to understand it a) value it b) develop your interest about it (remember you’re lookin into a way of facing/dealing with life itself) 2.3. once you get to understand it a) let it be b) support it if necessary

our understanding of difference remember that in being what he is, the other, the whom you are not, being different he can be a contribution for your own life, a way through life, and life is such a mistery

main characteristics: 8 but a group of minor variables also intervene. religion social class gender language ethnicity life styles special needs: handicaps gifts minor variables

our understanding of difference integration vs. Inclusion focus on adaptation to society production adapt individual functioning functionaries TECHNOCRATIC PARADIGM

our understanding of difference integration vs. Inclusion focus on adaption of society human life values assertion life sustaining person development HUMANISTIC PARADIGM

are people made fore societies or societies for people? balancing: integration vs. inclusion

2. VALUES: WHAT ARE THEY AND HOW SHOULD WE HARMONIZE NATIONAL AND UNIVERSAL VALUES 1.1. WHAT ARE VALUES?

inclusion? articulating values national – identities universal – similarities difference and equality

values? values are infinite: no exhaustive table we can create new values

what do we know about values? kown we know kown we don’t know unknown our values conscious subconscious those to be human creativity

values: what are they? the result of a tension between a subject and an object value is a structural quality that arises from the reaction of a subject before the properties of an object, a relationship that occurs in a given situation.

values: what are they? Frondizi (1995): features: – polarity (positive-negative) Justice injustice  hierarchy (higher-lower values).  lower values are more relative  higher values require absoluteness

values love happiness freedom we all know what it is… but… can we achieve the fully development of a superior value? can we exhaust completely its meaning?

freedom explicit recognition, not so much that we were born free but that we are born for freedom freedom should be favored since birth, or we would risk that it never emerge All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.

freedom We all know what it is… but… – we are not responsible for being born – We are under determinations and dependences: natural social conscious unconscious we can transcend what determines us only in a limited way freedom has two meanings: a negative sense: or external, relating to freedom from coercion – it refers to all the civil and political freedoms as much as for the necessary material conditions, a positive sense: or internal, related to the autonomy of rational choices

freedom refers to (Laupies, 2005): – Independence: to act and to do what we propose ourselves has to deal with the reality that limits the action the limits of our understanding of the possibilities we must invent the possibilities – autonomy or self-determination: free will, interior resolution, requires awareness of oneself as an agent

freedom Max Scheler (1960): – to act impulsively is just to act without reason, while being free requires to act by motivated volition – true freedom lies in being determined by values. motivated volition opens a problematic: – 1) what freedom of decision we really have? – 2) what is the degree of freedom of our personal baggage of purposes? – 3) what is the degree of freedom allowed by the framework of choices in general?

freedom – we are only free of: “wanting", “choosing” or "have-to-choose“, within the sphere of choices we have, that sets limits to our “wanting“- ”have-to-choose”.

national values express socio-cultural difference: identities cultural paths to deal with life there is good in difference richness in difference

universal values express fundamental and inherently claims substantive conditions to be human(s) should we accept all differences, particularly those that conflict with those values that we consider fundamental? outside the scope of certain core values nor are we humans nor let others be

26 balancing national - differential universal – unifying integration – adaptation to society inclusion – adaptation of society

THANK YOU CARLOS REIS