What Urban Design Can Offer to Make University Campuses Safer? Symposium 2005 Best practices in Risk Reduction For Colleges and Universities University of Washington Seattle, Washington January 27-28, 2005 Professor Hossein Bahrainy

EARTHQUAKE Sudden violent shaking of the earth caused by friction of plates under the earth’s surface, earthquakes occur along narrow belts where mountains are forming and/or volcanoes are active. Most of the biggest urban disasters are due to earthquakes –- many built, densely populated cities lie on earthquake belts. Collapsed buildings / infrastructures are the main cause of death and damages following urban earthquake.

EARTHQUAKE Secondary impacts: Landslide Tsunami Fire Liquefaction Explosion

Seismic Risk 1.Hazard: the occurrence of an earthquake of sufficient magnitude capable of causing damage to the weakest man-made structures. 2.Exposure: the objects and structures make by man which are exposed to the effects of the “hazard”: and will include buildings, bridges, dams, power plants, life- line structures, etc.

Seismic Risk 3.Vulnerability: The damageability of the “exposure” under the action of the hazard; weaker constructions being more vulnerable and “Risky” than the stronger ones. 4.Location: 1- How far the “exposure” is situated from the location of the “hazard”, 2- Local site conditions which can modify the hazard and/or affect the ability of the exposure: topography, soil deposit, water table, etc.

Seismic Risk 5. Acceptable Risk: Taking into account the tradeoffs involving cost to the individual, cost to the society, amount of safety increased per unit of additional cost, etc

Risk Assessment What can happen? What are the odds for each potential outcome happening? What are the likely consequences and losses for each potential outcome?

Risk Management Public process of managing the perceived risk in order to reduce unacceptable risk to acceptable levels. ScienceTechnologyRegulatory processes Preparedness Recovery Measures Mitigation Emergency Response Regulations

Seismic Zonation A process that include creation of earthquake hazard maps, assessment of risk in the built environment and the implementation of mitigation measure.

Colleges and Universities Educational building should be viewed as specialized buildings, they have unique values and functions in a community. Largest Public Buildings with multiple functions. Large concentration of young generation. Large concentration of scientists, scholars and experts. Large concentration of facilities, materials and equipments.

Colleges and Universities Dual Purposes Withstanding potential damage and collapse Providing a place of refuge during, and a relief centre after, a disaster

Types of Seismic Damage to Colleges and Universities Foundation Failure. Partial Collapse of Buildings. Complete Collapse of free-standing staircases. Torsional failure of unsymmetrical buildings. Falling of roofing tiles, dislocation of roof beams, falling of parapets and cantilevers balconies. Fall out of infill walls, collapse of portion of walls, and cracks in walls.

Secondary Damage Fire Explosions Flooding Subsidence Landslide Psychological trauma of shake Disorientation Uncertainty Grief

Earthquake Scenario Time of Earthquake Season Day of the weak Day / Night Time of the day Schematic illustration of seismic zonation as the link between earthquake risk assessment and earthquake risk management.

What urban design can do? Generally – System Redundancy – Restorability – Serviceability – Evacuation Potential – Hazard Potential – Trauma Potential – Occupancy – Coping ability – Critical residents

More Specifically: General Location Use micro zonation data / map Site selection: – Topography – Landslide – Rock fall – Liquefaction – Soil dynamics – Foundation consideration

More Specifically: Development Pattern/Form Decentralized Concentration

More Specifically: Accessibility Network Balanced Network Alternative access Alternative Corridors Accessibility / Land use

More Specifically: Access Network Distance between Main Roads Road enclosure Road capacity and use Road access Road blockage

More Specifically: Access Network

More Specifically: Landuse Pattern Avoiding hazardous areas / activities Decentralized uses Relatively independent clusters

More Specifically: Special Uses Hospitals Labs Libraries Sport Facilities Hubs

More Specifically: Activity Centers Balanced distribution of activity centers Easy access to centers Optimum location of centers Optimum size of centers

More Specifically: Activity Centers Decentralized centers Hierarchy of activity centers

More Specifically: Density Lower the density Particularly on the slopes, Instable soils and high risk zones

More Specifically: Open Spaces Provide open spaces next to activity centers Easy and safe access to and from open space Decentralized open spaces

More Specifically: Life Line Alternative network Using seismic standards Decentralized system

More Specifically: Architectural Planning of Building ` Plan shape Simple Symmetrical Elevation : Not too elonged in plan or elevation No. of Storeys: Uniform and continuous distribution of strength. Have horizontal members which form hinges before the vertical members. Have its stiffness related to the sub-soil properties

Door / Window openings Size and shape of room enclosures More Specifically: Architectural Planning of Building ` Construction quality Structural design, EQ resistant elements Additional features