SHMD /5/2012 1

Pg

3

4

5

6

7

8

Biceps Rectus Abdominus Pectoralis Major Abdominal Obliques Gastrocnemius Deltoid Trapezius Tibialis Anterior Soleus Sartorius Vastus Medialis Serratus Anterior Vastus Lateralis Rectus Femoris 9

Rhomboids Triceps External Oblique Gluteus Medius Soleus Achilles Tendon Gastrocnemius Semimembranosus Semitensinosus Biceps Femoris Gluteus Maximus Latissimus Dorsi Deltoids Trapezius 10

Agonist/prime mover: this muscle contracts to produce the desired movement. Antagonist: this muscle relaxes to allow the agonist to contract. Example: – Bicep & tricep. Pg

1.Concentric contraction: – Involves the muscle shortening & developing tension. – Origin & insertion of muscle move closer together, i.e. muscle becomes ‘fatter’. – Movement occurs against gravity. Example: Walking uphill. 12

2.Eccentric contraction: – Muscle lengthening to develop tension. – Origin & insertion of muscle move away from each other. – Provides control of movement on downward phase, & works to resist force of gravity. Example: Walking downhill. 13

3.Isometric contraction: – Muscle produces tension, but stays the same length. – Occurs when body is fixed in one position. Example: 14

Tendons: – Connects muscle to bone. – Carry force of muscle contraction to the bone. Ligaments: – Connects bone to bone. – Act to give stability to joints. Soft tissue. Tough & inelastic. White/greyish in colour. – Very poor blood supply. – Take long to repair itself if damaged. 15

Cartilage: Tough, fibrous connective tissue without nerves or blood supply that provides protection and support to joints, tubes, ends of long bones, and facial structures (e.g., ears and nose). 16

Bursa: small sacs of fluid that are located between bone & other moving structures i.e. muscles, skin, tendons. Bursa allows smooth gliding between structures, without friction. 17

1.For the following joints, you need to know the type of joint it is, as well as the type of movements each joint can perform: neck (6), shoulder (8), elbow (3), wrist (8), hip (7), knee (3), ankle (5). 2.Define the following movements: rotation (2), flexion (1), extension (1), circumduction (1), abduction (2), adduction (2), hyperextension (1), pronation (3), supination (3), plantar flexion (3), dorsi flexion (3), inversion (2), eversion (2). 3.Know the anterior and posterior muscles of the body – be able to label a diagram. 4.Differentiate between the ‘agonist’ and ‘antagonist’ muscles.4 5.Tabulate the differences between the three types of muscle movement Differentiate between tendons & ligaments.7 7.Why do ligaments and tendons take a long time to repair themselves?2 8.Define: a.Cartilage.4 b.Bursa.3 18