Introduction to Organic Chemistry Functional Group Flashcards

Symbol for the “rest” of an organic molecule

Alkanes R–CH 2 –CH 2 –R All of the bonds are single bonds (-C-H-, and -C-C-) Methane CH 4 Ethane CH 3 -CH 3 Propane CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 3 Butane CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 Pentane CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 Hexane CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 Heptane CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 Octane CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 Nonane CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 Decane CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3

Alkenes R–CH=CH–R CH 2 =CH 2

Alkynes R–C≡C–R H–C≡C–H Hint: A E I

Methyl Group What would an ethyl or propyl group look like?

Carbonyl Group Found in 5 functional groups –Ketones-Aldehydes-Esters –Carboxyls-Amides Example: When group is in middle of carbon chain  ketone Example: When group is at end of carbon chain  aldehyde

Ketone Ketones can be shown in text as: RCOR

Aldehyde Aldehydes can be shown in text as: RCHO

Ester Group Esters can be shown in text as: RCOOR HINT: Ester is a “COOC”

Carboxyl Group –or- Carboxylic Acid Carboxylic acids can be shown in text as: RCOOH

Amide Group Primary amides can be shown in text as: RCONH 2

Amino Group Different than amide b/c “no” carbonyl group Primary amines can be shown in text as: RNH 2

Hydroxyl –or- Hydroxide -Forms alcohols

Ether Group Ethers can be shown in text as: ROR HINT: Easter Bunny

Nitrite Group NO 2 - (ionic form)

Nitrate Group NO 3 - (ionic form) Hint: “tres”

Phosphate Group Symbol is

Sulfhydryl Group

Other basic rules... Functionional groups assume their distinct identity when separated by –CH2– groups. Thus, the carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (OH) of a carboxylic acid, RCOOH, are part of a single function and are NOT "alcohol-plus-ketone":

Comprehension Check Name the functional group KetoneEther Phosphate Amide Hydroxyl AldehydeAmino Carboxyl

For more practice...