+ While I check your HW: Turn to page 150… On a “small” (not too small) piece of paper please select the unit project you would like to work on…

Unifying Principles Principle 1: Heat energy inside Earth and radiation from the Sun provide energy for Earth’s processes Principle 2: Physical forces, such as gravity, affect the movement of all matter on Earth and throughout the universe Principle 3: Matter and energy move among Earth’s rocks and soil, atmosphere, waters, and living things Principle 4: Earth has changed over time and continues to change

+ Unit 2: Earth’s Surface Chapter 5: Views of Earth Today Chapter 6: Minerals and Rocks Chapter 7: Erosion and Deposition

+ Chapter 5: Views of Earth Today Modern technology has changed the way we view and map Earth 5.1: Maps and globes are models of Earth 5.2: Topographic maps show the shape of the land 5.3: Technology is used to map Earth

+ 5.1 Maps and globes are models of Earth Prior knowledge: The Earth system’s parts interact to shape Earth’s surface Earth’s crust has many different features Now, you will learn: What information maps can provide about natural and human- made features How to find exact locations on Earth Why all maps distort Earth’s surface

+ Maps show natural and human-made features Maps – a flat model of Earth’s surface, showing Earth’s features as seen from above Globe – show Earth in three dimensions – a sphere that shows the relative sizes and shapes of Earth’s land and water features How are maps and globes alike? How are they different? Both are models of Earth that show various features. Maps show Earth’s features as if viewed from above. Globes show Earth as if seen from outer space.

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+ Land Features on Maps Relief Maps – shows how high or low each feature is on Earth…show: Mountains: higher than land around them Group of mountains = mountain range Connected mountain ranges in long chain = mountain belt; ex: Rocky Mountains, Canadian Rockies and Andes Mountains Plateau: Fairly level surfaces but stand high above sea level Often found near large mountain ranges Ex: Colorado Plateau  3350 m (11,000 ft) above sea level and includes parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah Plains: Gently rolling or flat Coastal (near eastern and southeastern shores) and interior plains (center of the nation) Ex: Great Plains – cover middle third of the US

+ Relief Map

+ Key Concepts p What natural and human made features can maps show? Give two examples of each Natural: mountains, rivers; human-made: bridges, roads 2. Explain how latitude and longitude can help you locate any place on Earth The exact location of any place can be expressed as a number of degrees north or south of the equator (latitude) and a number of degrees east or west of the prime meridian (longitude) 3. why do all flat maps distort earth’s surface Earth is a sphere. It is impossible to portray a curved surface as flat without some distortion

+ Scale and Symbols on Maps Common maps, road and city, provide both human-made features and natural features 1. Map Scale – relates distances on a map to actual distances on Earth’s surface Can be given as a ratio (1:25,000  1 cm on map = 25,000 cm (0.25 km) on Earth), bar, or Equivalent-units of distance (1cm = 1km) 2. Map Legend – “key” – a change that explains the meaning of each symbol on a map 3. Compass rose – shows direction (north south east west)

+ Latitude and longitude show locations on Earth Lines form an imaginary grid over the entire surface of Earth Latitude – distance in degrees north or south of the equator (0 o ) A degree is 1/360 of the distance around a full circle Longitude – distance in degrees east or west of the prime meridian (0 o ) based on an imaginary line, the Prime Meridian, that stretches from the North Pole through Greenwich, England, to the South Pole

+ California’s Natural Resources (p. 159) PROCEDURE (perform these steps): 1. Identify the symbols used to represent gold, clay, iron ore, titanium, and sand and gravel 2. Identify the natural resources shown on the map that are closest to Long Beach, CA 3. Find the intersection of latitude and longitude lines that is closest to Long Beach, CA WHAT DO YOU THINK? (write down your answers): 1. What latitude line is closest to Long Beach? What longitude line is closest to Long Beach? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Which natural resources are mined closest to where you live? Are these resources distributed evenly throughout the state? ________________________________________________________________________________________________ CHALLENGE: Which materials in your classroom might have been made from the types of natural resources that are mined closest to Long Beach? ________________________________________________________________________________________________

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+ Global Positioning System (GPS) Network of satellites Used to find the latitude, longitude, and elevation (height above sea level) At least 3 above horizon (of 24 in space) are needed for GPS to work Signal sent from satellites to receivers on the surface to calculate location Used by pilots, sailors, hikers, and mapmakers

+ Map projections distort the view of Earth’s surface Projection – a way of showing Earth’s curved surface on a flat map Cylindrical Projection Mercator projection: lat. and long. lines form a grid of rectangles Shows Earth as if the map were a large cylinder wrapped around the planet Useful for navigation at sea or air Problem: areas far away from the equator appear much larger than they really are

+ Map projections distort the view of Earth’s surface Conic Projections Based on the shape of a cone Cone of paper wrapped around the globe, touching the surface only at the mid-latitudes When cone is flattened, latitude lines are curved slightly (like the curved surface of Earth) Allows for the map to show the true sizes and shapes of some landmasses Useful for mapping large areas in the middle latitudes Landmasses near the equator or north or south pole will be distorted

What are the main uses of Mercator and conic projections? Mercator: navigation Conic: mapping areas in the mid- latitudes accurately An airline pilot calculating the fastest route from LA to Sydney, Australia Mercator A ship captain plotting a course from NY to London Mercator A mapmaker drawing the state of Iowa Conic Why does a map always distort features of Earth’s surface? Because Earth is a sphere and representing it on a flat map involves stretching one area or another out of shape

+ Map projections distort the view of Earth’s surface Planar Projections – developed to help people find the shorter distance between two points Shape of the sphere is transferred to the flat map Ex: if representing a polar region the lines meet at the center like spokes of a wheel Good for plotting ocean or air voyages and for showing the north and south polar regions Land masses farther away from the center point are greatly distorted