Can rhetoric change history? OBJ: to recap on discursive essay writing, putting our speech into context and to improve our expression and vocabulary.

5 steps - essay basics! 1.Introduction: what is rhetoric, who has used it and for what in history. What can a good speech do? 2.Contextualise: who, where, when, why…. 3.Rhetorical devices: what’s been used, how are they effective? 4.Change: what has changed since the speech? Was it because of the speech? Immediate and wider audience. 5.Conclusion: summarise, and give your opinion about this speech and whether rhetoric CAN change history.

Sequence the concluding paragraphs Which is best? Why? Highlight the words or phrases that you think are effective on the paragraph. What do you think you can do? What is your TL?

Critique Concluding paragraph: It could be said that her speech has changed history, or will become very important to history. Even though the audience of the UN would obviously agree with her ideas, the wider audience that has been reached via youtube etc might become aware of the issues, and this might change history. On the other hand, the attack itself was widely reported, and maybe it was the actions rather than the words that she will become more known for.

Critique Contextual paragraph: Malala Yousafzai did her speech to people in the UN after she got shot by the Taliban. They attacked her because she wanted education for girls, and this isn’t allowed in her country. “I am here to speak for the right of education for every child”. Malala protested and set up a blog saying what she thought.

Write and critique! Try your contextual paragraph and swap with your critique partner. Critique questions: 1.Have they included who, where, when and why? Highlight and label them. 2.Circle 2 words that could be improved. 3.Have they used a quotation? If not, suggest one or explain one could be used. 4.Check for technical accuracy: can you spot any missing punctuation or spelling errors?

Sequence the opening and closing paragraphs Highlight the words or phrases that you think are effective on the paragraphs. What do you think you can do? What is your TL?

Introduction M = middle level H = higher level M:Explain what rhetoric is, and when/where/who usually uses it, and who has used it in history (battles, politicians, leaders, war etc). H: What can a speech do if delivered in the right place and the right time and the right audience?

Next section M = middle H = higher M:Contextualise the speech you analysed – Obama or Malala. Think about the Ws: who/where/when/why…. H: What change in history do you think the speaker was hoping would happen because of this speech? Is there more than one change/hope? How do you know?

Next section M = middle H = higher M: Using the devices you have spotted and analysed, how has the speaker used rhetoric successfully in the speech? Some examples are: Personal pronouns/metaphorical language/emotive language/rule of 3/audience awareness/sentence lengths/structure and rhythm….. H: Include: ethos/pathos/logos/anaphora/modesty/change of tone/Praeteritio/hyberbole…..

Next section M = middle H = higher M: Is there any evidence that anything changed because of this speech? Obama: did his career continue to be successful because of this speech? We went to war, but was it a popular one? Relate back to the audience. Malala: what changes have happened in the Middle East regarding women/education etc? have the UN pledged to make any changes? Relate back to audience. H: What has your reaction to the speech been?

Conclusion M = middle H = higher M & H: Summarise whether the changes that happened are significant enough to praise the speech with being history-changing in your opinion, and conclude whether rhetoric CAN change history in your opinion (but make sure you explain whether you think it HAS in this instance).