The Flowering of Traditional China 10

China after the Han ( )  Division and civil war  Nomads from the Gobi Desert  Effects of the Collapse of the Han on the Chinese Psyche:  Decline of Confucian principles  Preference for philosophical Daoism  Growth of Buddhism

China Reunified: The Sui, the Tang, and the Song  The Sui ( )  Yang Jian (Yang Chien) Turned to Daoism and Buddhism Builder as well as a conqueror  Sui Yangdi (Sui Yang Ti) 1400 mile long Grand Canal Connects Yellow and Yangtze Rivers Used to move commodities to the north Used to move troops quickly Was assassinated in 618

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©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. China under the Tang

©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Chang’an under the Sui and the Tang

The Tang ( )  Li Yuan established a new dynasty after the murder of the last Sui  Tang Taizong (T’ang T’ai-tsung)  Expansion  Cultural growth – poetry and sculpture  Spread of Buddhism  Internal problems during the Tang dynasty  Border problems and the end of the Tang

The Song ( )  Song Taizu (Sung T’ai-tsu)  Problems with nomads  Prosperity and cultural growth  Collapse  Mongols, 1279

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Political Structures  Equal Opportunity in China: The Civil Service Examination  Grand Council had representatives from all three authorities:  Civil, military, and censorate  Civil Service Exam  Song examination system – based only on Confucianism Three levels Qualifying exams – accept teaching level position Second exam Final exam Problems with the civil service system Achievements of the civil service system  Local Government  District governed by a magistrate  Village governed by council of elders

Economy and Society  Still largely agricultural  Tang reduced power of the nobility for short period  Equal field system  Then tried to control through taxes  Innovations in agriculture  Urban economy saw significant increase in trade and manufacturing

Ocean Trade and the Silk Road  Guilds began to appear  Credit or “Flying money”  Long distance trade overland and by sea  Silk Road – hazardous  Development of sea trade  Innovations in ship building  Products of trade

Society in Traditional China  Growth and development of cities  Rise of the Gentry  Peasants and village life  Village architecture  Family unit  Male superiority  Children expected to obey parents; position of daughters  Women  New form of dowry – bride’s parents pay the groom’s family a dowry  Introduction of bound feet  Women’s rights  Wu Zhao, (625?-706?), Empress Wu

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Explosion in Central Asia: The Mongol Empire  Mongols succeeded the Song as rulers in 1279  Genghis Khan (Temuchin), elected Universal Ruler  New tactics for his warriors; compound bow  Introduction of “Fire lance” by their enemies  Mongols turn west toward Europe/Middle East  Set up a capital at Karakorum  Territory divided at his death into separate khnates  Khubilai Khan ( ), Grandson of Genghis Khan  Mongol Rule in China (Yaun dynasty)  Adapted to the Chinese political system and made use of local talents in the bureaucracy  Prosperity through extension of trade  Weaknesses and the rise of the Ming

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The Ming Dynasty  Zhu Yuanzhang (Chu Yuan-chang) overthrew the Yuan regime and founded the Ming dynasty (1369 – 1644)  Achievements of the Ming  The Voyages of Zhengha  Reasons for voyages  Results  An Inward Turn  New focus on domestic issues and an end of voyages of exploration

In Search of the Way  Rise and Decline of Buddhism and Daoism  Common people and the ruling class attracted to Buddhism and Daoism  New sects in Buddhism Chan (Zen in Japan) Mind training and strict Pure Land White Lotus  Problems faced by Buddhism and Daoism Official persecution Envy over wealthy monasteries Temples and monasteries destroyed  Denial of Confucian teachings  Neo-Confucianism: The Investigation of Things  Revival following decline of Buddhism and Daoism  Neo-Confucianism was to unite Buddhism and Daoism with Confucianism  Neo-Confucianism and lack of advancement in some fields

The Apogee of Chinese Culture  Literature  Paper and moveable type  Ink rubbings and woodblock  Poetry  Popular culture  The Chinese Novel  Art  Buddhism and Daoist painting and sculpture  Ceramics  Painting

Discussion Questions  What were the successes and failures of the Tang dynasty?  Describe the development of the Chinese civil service system. What were the advantages of the system?  How did long distance trade develop in China?  How did foot binding begin, and how did it fit into Chinese culture?