Chapter 12, Population and Urbanization The Study of Population The Theory of Demographic Transition Industrialization: An Uneven Experience The Demographic Transition in India The Urban Verses Non-urban Experience in the United States

World’s Ten Most Populous Countries, China 1.27 billion 2. India 1.03 billion 3. United States 284 million 4. Indonesia 206 million 5. Brazil 172 million

World’s Ten Most Populous Countries, Pakistan 145 million 7. Russia 144 million 8. Bangladesh 134 million 9. Japan 127 million 10. Nigeria 127 million

Migration: Two Factors 1. Push factors – Religious or political persecution – Discrimination – Depletion of natural resources – Lack of employment opportunities – Natural disasters

Migration: Two Factors 2. Pull factors: – Employment opportunities – Climate – Tolerance

Three Major Flows of Intercontinental Migration Exodus of Europeans to North America, South America, Asia and Africa to establish colonies. Smaller flow of Asian migrants to East Africa, the United States and Brazil. Forced migration of some 11 million Africans by slave traders to the United States, South America, the Caribbean, and the West Indies.

Demographic Transition Theory A country's birth and death rates are linked to its level of industrial or economic development. Stage 1: High birth and death rates Stage 2: Transition Stage 3: Low death rates and declining birth rates

Factors Causing Declines in Total Fertility Less than 50% of the labor force is employed in agriculture. At least 50% of persons between the ages of 5 and 19 are enrolled in school. Life expectancy is at least 60 years.

Factors Causing Declines in Total Fertility Infant mortality is less than 65 per 1,000 live births. 80% of the females between the ages of 15 and 19 are unmarried.

The Worlds Top 10 Economies 1. United States 2. Japan 3. Germany 4. Great Britain 5. France

The Worlds Top 10 Economies 6. China 7. Italy 8. Canada 9. Brazil 10. Mexico