 What are characteristics of urban or city life?  What are some of the reasons that people might choose to live in cities?  What are some problems that might be associated with rapid population growth in cities?  Please respond to each question with 1-2 sentences of accurate, thorough information.

Population & Urbanization

 The student will be able to identify factors that affect the size & structure of populations & explain how sociologists measure these factors.  The student will be able to summarize how sociologists explain population change & describe the programs that have been instituted to control population growth.  The student will be able to explain how cities evolved & why urbanization is such a recent event.  The student will be able to identify the models that have been proposed to explain the structure of cities & summarize the theories that have been put forth to explain city life.

 the number of people living in an area at a particular time

 area of sociology devoted to the study of human populations

 annual number of live births per 1,000 members of the population Live Births  Birthrate = Total Population X 1000

 annual deaths per 1,000 members of the population  mortality: number of deaths within society  infant mortality rate: annual number of deaths among infants under one year of age per 1,000 members of the population

 annual difference between in-migration (immigration) & out-migration (emigration)

 the rate at which a country’s population is increasing  calculated by subtracting the death rate from the birthrate  usually expressed as a percentage

Malthusian Theory  Thomas Malthus  geometric progression of population vs. arithmetic progression of food supply  Malthusian checks/limits:  war  disease  famine  natural disasters Demographic Transition Theory  population is based on technological advancement (capital)  3 main stages:  high BR, high DR  high BR, low DR  low BR, low DR  zero-population growth = equal BR & DR

 Population Change: Malthusian Theory Population Change: Malthusian Theory  Population Change: Demographic Transition Model Population Change: Demographic Transition Model

 the conscious decision by couples to have a certain number of children  antinatalism: official policies used to discourage couples from having children

 belief that better health, higher levels of income & education will lower birthrates  some argue that economic redistribution would reduce poverty and allow this to happen

 PBS NewsHour: Dhaka, Bangladesh & the Urbanization of Megacities PBS NewsHour: Dhaka, Bangladesh & the Urbanization of Megacities

 the concentration of populations in cities

Preindustrial to Industrial

 cities arose about 6,000 years ago  populations limited by inefficient agricultural techniques  crowded, lacked sanitation  no designated “downtown”  built around extended family

 Industrial Revolution led to urbanization  covers greater area, much larger population  influence of family lessened  1790: 5% of population in urban areas  1860: 20% of population in urban areas  today: 75% & growing of population in urban areas

Concentric Zone Model, Sector Model, Multiple Nuclei Model

 examines the relationship between people & the urban environment

 typical city spreads outward from the center, resulting in a series of circles or zones

 city grows in wedge-shaped sectors outward from the center to the edges of the city  transportation determines land use

 city develops around several centers of activity, or “nuclei” devoted to specialized land use  example: stores grouped together, car dealerships, etc.

 describe ideal types of cities do not account for urban sprawl, reverse migration, or urban reclamation

Urban Anomie Theory, Compositional Theory, Subcultural Theory

 the city is an anonymous & unfriendly place & living there carries serious negative consequences  characterized by impersonal secondary groups

 greater diversity of city residents leads to greater variety of lifestyles  race, ethnicity, gender, age, education, income, occupation

 people can find others with similar interests in diverse cities  some people form close ties and subcultures

  After watching the clip, how do you feel about the tourism business in the favelas of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil?  Do you think that the residents are being helped or taken advantage of? Why?  What similarities can you find with the Dhaka, Bangladesh clip? How are these cities alike? How are they different?  How do you think Rio de Janeiro & the favelas specifically, are going to change with the World Cup in 2014 & the Olympic Games in 2016?

 Page 419: #2-3  Page 431: #3-4  Page 432: #1-10 Identifying People & Ideas  Page 432: #1-5 Understanding Main Ideas  Page 433: #1-4 Building Social Studies Skills