1. Variety of modes (types) of transport (public and private) 2. Density of transport networks more nodes and routes - denser network – city well connected – easier to travel

3. Quality of transport infrastructure -roads, railway tracks, bus terminals, etc -quality measured by capacity, efficiency, reliability, safety, comfort levels

selectedindex=0#view=detail&id=a92e2912e87a e daff77d1462f3&selectedindex=0 Characteristics of traffic congestion

 A condition when there are more vehicles than the road can handle  Result in slow speeds (10km/hr), queues of more than 15 mins  Traffic can build up and cause jams for many kilometers, and vehicles do not move at all  Result-  mobility reduced  time wasted  economic loss  environmental pollution

 CBD is the centre of financial institutions and many other businesses  It is very accessible to all  Is the most well-connected part of the city  high pedestrian flows as many people commute to and from the CBD  high vehicle flows as many buses, taxis and cars enter and leave the CBD daily  Manhattan’s population doubles during working hours

 Refer to page116.  Compare the traffic flow between 8 am and 9 am in the CBD.  Suggest a reason for the change.

 Listen to the description of traffic problems in the Bay Area  Identify the causes of traffic jams in this area

1. Separation of work and residential areas - need to commute - use of private transport - with affluence, greater ownership of cars 2. Movement within city - to purchase or deliver goods and services 3. Inadequate transport infrastructure & services - roads with few lanes -poor network connection -lack of alternative routes; -small fleet of public buses (overcrowded, long waiting time) -more forced to buy cars and contribute to congestion

1. Social Impacts a) Reduced Productivity b) Mental and Physical Stress 2. Environmental Impacts a) Air Pollution b) Noise Pollution

1. Improving public transport a) Integrated public transport system b) Bus lane schemes c) Expansion of rail networks d) Increase capacity and frequency of buses and rail

2. Manage road usage a) Road pricing b) Increase parking fees c) Enhanced traffic monitoring motoring/managing-traffic-and-congestion/intelligent- transport-systems.html motoring/managing-traffic-and-congestion/intelligent- transport-systems.html d) Other measures – telecommuting, cycling