Chapter 28 – The Civil Rights Movement Section Notes Fighting Segregation Freedom Now! Voting Rights Changes and Challenges The Movement Continues Video The Civil Rights Movement Images Sit-In Witness to Violence The March against Fear Political Cartoon: Civil Rights Quick Facts Early Civil Rights Victories Major Civil Rights Reforms Visual Summary: The Civil Rights Movement Maps School Segregation, 1952 Freedom Rides, 1961

Changes and Challenges The Main Idea Continued social and economic inequalities caused many young African Americans to lose faith in the civil rights movement and integration and seek alternative solutions. Reading Focus Why did the civil rights movement expand to the North? What fractures developed in the civil rights movement, and what was the result? What events led to the death of Martin Luther King Jr., and how did the nation react?

Why Split? Some Americans questioned the nonviolent approach Was it working? Still lots of injustice and violence Some African Americans believed that nonviolence and integration within white society was wrong

James Baldwin Wrote The Fire Next Time Said that suffering and oppression set African Americans apart, but also made them stronger African Americans were tired to promises, and angry

The Civil Rights Movement Expands to the North The civil rights movement had done much to bring an end to de jure segregation—or segregation by law. However, changes in law had not altered attitudes and many were questioning nonviolent protest as an effective method of change. In most of America there was still de facto segregation—segregation that exists through custom and practice rather than by law. African Americans outside the South also faced discrimination—in housing, by banks, in employment.

Expanding the Movement Conditions outside the South Most African Americans outside the South lived in cities. African Americans were kept in all-black parts of town because they were unwelcome in white neighborhoods. Discrimination in banking made home ownership and home and neighborhood improvements difficult. Job discrimination led to high unemployment and poverty. Urban Unrest Frustration over the urban conditions exploded into violence. –Watts (Los Angeles) in 1965 –Detroit in 1967 President Johnson appointed the Kerner Commission to study the causes of urban rioting. –Placed the blame on poverty and discrimination

The Movement Moves North The riots convinced King that the civil rights movement needed to move north. He focused on Chicago in The eight month Chicago campaign was one of King’s biggest failures. Chicago’s African Americans did not share his civil rights focus—their concerns were economic. King discovered that some northern whites who had supported him and criticized racism in the South had no interest in seeing it exposed in the North.

Fractures in the civil rights movement Conflict among the diverse groups of the civil rights movement developed in the 1960s. Many SNCC and CORE members were beginning to question nonviolence. –In 1966 SNCC abandoned the philosophy of nonviolence. Huey Newton and Bobby Seale formed the Black Panther Party and called for violent revolution as a means of African American liberation. Malcolm X and the Black Muslims were critical of King and nonviolence.

Black Power Stokely Carmichael became the head of SNCC. SNCC abandoned the philosophy of nonviolence. Black Power became the new rallying cry. Wanted African Americans to depend on themselves to solve problems. Black Panthers The Black Panther Party was formed in Oakland, California, in Called for violent revolution as a means of African American liberation. Members carried guns and monitored African American neighborhoods to guard against police brutality. Fractures in the Movement Black Muslims Nation of Islam was a large and influential group who believed in Black Power. Message of black nationalism, self- discipline, and self-reliance. Malcolm X offered message of hope, defiance, and black pride.

Malcolm X Served 7 years in jail While there, joined Nation of Islam, aka Black Muslims Believed white society was oppressive Preached black separation and self- help

Black Nationalism Nation of Islam founded by Elijah Muhammad. Believed the enemy of the Nation of Islam was white society Believed in no political action Black Nationalism – a belief in the separate identify and racial unity of the African American community

Non-integration Malcolm X disagreed w/ the tactics and goals of the early civil rights movement. Called March on Washington “Farce of Washington” Disagreed with Elijah Muhammad on many things, especially political action. Left the Nation of Islam and formed his own religious organization, Muslim Mosque, Inc.

Malcolm X’s Assassination After a pilgrimage, Malcolm X changed his view of civil rights. He was ready to work with other civil rights leaders and white Americans on some issues Was shot to death at a rally in NY 3 members of Nation of Islam were charged with murder

Malcolm X Video Clip

Black Power Stokely Carmichael Member of SNCC Heard Malcolm X’s message Rose to SNCC leadership and the group became more militant Carmichael was jailed / beaten for participating in demonstrations and was tired of nonviolence Encouraged SNCC members to carry guns for self-defense Wanted to make the group exclusively black, rejecting all white activists.

The Split with SNCC -June, Protest march in Greenwood, Mississippi -King’s followers singing “We Shall Overcome” -Carmichael’s followers over-sang them with “We Shall Overrun” -Carmichael wanted black power – African Americans to unite, to recognize their heritage, to build a sense of community, to define their own goals, lead their own organizations, and support those organizations.

Black Panthers Formed by Bobby Seale and Huey Newton Wanted African Americans to lead their own communities Demanded that the federal government rebuild the nation’s ghettos to make up for years of neglect Newton followed words of Mao Zedong, “Power flows from the barrel of a gun” Gave rise to the “Black is Beautiful” slogan

Black Power and Black Panther Video Clip

The Split Early Civil Rights Movement NAACP SCLC Moderate organizations that believed in nonviolent and peaceful protests Later Civil Rights Movement SNCC Black Panthers Bigger emphasis on Black Nationalism and separating the races. Anger and violence