Chapter 40 Review

Any change, other than an injury, that disrupts normal body functions List 3 sources of disease disease Produced by agents Materials in the environment genes

Match the disease with its cause bacteria viruses fungi _________ influenza _________athlete’s foot _________ meningitis __________Ebola __________ringworm __________strep __________ AIDS Virus Fungi Bacteria

Which 2 scientists concluded that diseases were caused by microorganisms? What is the germ theory of disease? Robert Koch Louis Pasteur Diseases are caused by microorganisms called germs

Rules used to identify microorganisms are known as Koch’s Postulates

What are Koch’s postulates? 1. The pathogen should be found in the body of a sick organism and not in a healthy one 2.The pathogen must be isolated and grown in the laboratory in pure form 3. When pathogens are placed in a new host, they should cause the same disease that infected the original host 4. The injected pathogen should be isolated from the second host. It should be identical to the original pathogen.

Which type of pathogen invades and replicates in living cells by injecting their DNA or RNA into them? Which pathogen causes disease by breaking down the hosts tissues or producing toxins? Viruses Bacteria

What type of pathogen is responsible for diseases such as malaria and dysentery? What type of pathogen lives inside a host and steals nutrients from them? Protists Worms

A disease causing agent The ability of the body to resist a specific pathogen pathogen immunity

List the ways diseases can be spread Physical contact Contaminated food or water Infected animals

How can we prevent the spread of disease? Animals that spread disease are called Wash your hands Cover your face when sneezing or coughing vectors

Nonspecific defense reaction to tissue damage caused by injury or infection Elevated body temperature that occurs in response to an infection Inflammatory response fever

What kills bacteria without harming the human or host? What enzyme breaks down the cells walls of bacteria and can be found in mucus, saliva, and tears antibiotic lysozyme

Protein that helps destroy a pathogen Overreaction of the immune system to antigens antibody allergy

Which antibiotic was discovered accidentally in 1828? What type of defenses track down pathogens that have made it into the body? Penicillin Specific Defenses

Antibiotics are helpful with bacteria, but will not kill What is the most important nonspecific defense? Viruses Skin

The body’s specific defenses that attack a disease-causing agent Substance that triggers an immune response Immune response antigen

What type of defenses work to keep pathogens out of the body? List 4- first line defenses Nonspecific Defenses Skin Mucus Sweat Tears

White blood cells that engulf pathogens are called What are the benefits to a fever phagocytes Slows or stops the growth of many pathogens Increases heart rate to get WBC’s there faster

A protein that helps cells resist a viral infection What are the 2 types of cells that recognize antigens? Interferon B cells T cells

Immunity against pathogens and antigens in body fluids Defense against abnormal cells and pathogens inside normal cells Humoral immunity Cell-mediated immunity

What types of cells are used in a humoral response? What types of cells are used in a cell-mediated response? B cells T cells

Which cells produce antibodies for a secondary response? Describe the shape of an antibody Memory B cells Y-shaped with 2 antigen binding sites

The antibody has antigen binding sites whose shape is ______________ to the antigen shape Cell mediated immunity responds to what 2 things? complimentary Cancerous cells Virus infected cells

When the body recognizes a transplanted organ as foreign and attacks it this is known as A preparation of weakened or killed pathogens rejection vaccine

Temporary protection from a disease by injecting the antibodies made from another animal into the bloodstream Name 3 types of disorders within the immune system Passive immunity Allergies Autoimmune disease Immunodeficiency Disease

List substances that are common allergens The activated mast cells initiate the release of a Mold Dust Pollen Histamine

What do histamines do What type of drug counteracts the work of histamines? Histamines increase the flow of blood and fluids to the surrounding tissues antihistamines

A chronic respiratory condition in which the passageways narrow When the immune system makes a mistake and attacks the body’s own cells it produces an asthma autoimmune disease

Give an example of an autoimmune disease antibodies attack the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas Rheumatoid Arthritis Type 1 Diabetes Multiple Sclerosis Type 1 diabetes

The immune system attacks the connective tissues around joints The immune system attacks the brain and spinal cord Rheumatoid Arthritis Multiple Sclerosis

Disorder in which the immune system itself is attacked How can HIV be spread? Immunodeficiency disease Sexual contact Sharing needles Blood or blood products Mother to child

Factors that have the potential to affect your health in a negative way and cause injury or disease What factors affect air quality Risk factors Carbon Monoxide Ozone Gas Airborne Particulates

Symptoms of CO poisoning include Highly reactive form of oxygen found in the air, it is a risk factor when it occurs at ground level headache, dizziness, nausea, light headedness Ozone

Name 3 airborne particle affect you health Intentional release of infectious agents Allergens Lead asbestos bioterrorism

Uncontrolled cell growth and reproduction The cells begin to divide uncontrollably and form a mass of tissue called a _________ Cancer Tumor

_____________ are substances that cause cancer What behaviors reduce your risk of exposure to pathogens? carcinogens Eating a healthy diet plenty of exercise and rest Abstaining from harmful activities Getting regular checkups